Viking 1

For andre betydninger af ordet Viking, se Viking (flertydig).
Viking 1 orbiter

'
Rumsonde
Organisation:   NASA
I kredsløb om:   Mars
Opsendelsesdato:   20. august 1975
Opsendelsesraket:   Titan IIIE/Centaur
Forløbet:   20. august 1975 til 17. august 1980
NSSDC ID:    1975-075A
Masse:   883 kg
Energiforsyning:   620 W
Kredsløbsparametre
Eccentricitet:   0,882213138
Inklination:   39,3°
Periode:   47,26 t
Apoapsis:   320 km
Periapsis:   56000 km
Viking 1 lander

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Lander
Organisation:   NASA
Opsendelsesdato:   20. august 1975
Opsendelsesraket:   Titan IIIE/Centaur
Forløbet:   20. juli 1976 til 13. november 1982
NSSDC ID:    1975-075C
Masse:   572 kg
Energiforsyning:   70 W

Viking 1 var det første af to rumfartøjer sendt til Mars som en del af NASAs Viking program.

Mission

Efter opsendelsen med en Titan/Centaur raket d. 20. august 1975 fulgte 10 måneders rejse til Mars. 5 dage før rumsonden blev indsat i kredsløb begyndte den at tage billeder hvor hele Mars var indenfor synsfeltet. Den 19. juni 1976 blev den indsat i kredsløb og 21. juni blev kredsløbet tilpasset så apoapsis var 1.513 km og periapsis var 33.000. Det var planlagt at landingen på Mars skulle ske d. 4. juli så den faldt sammen med 200-året for Den amerikanske uafhængighedserklæring, men den måtte udskydes da det landingssted man først havde udset sig viste sig at være uegnet pga. af store sten, der gjorde en landing risikabel. Den 20. juli havde man fundet et nyt landingssted (Chryse Planitia) så landeren blev frakoblet og landede på Mars som den første amerikanske rumsonde og den første vellykkede marslander.

Første panoramabillede af Viking 1 fra overfladen af Mars.
:Image:Mars_Viking_12a002.png
Første panoramabillede af Viking 1 fra overfladen af Mars.

Viking 1 galleri

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PSP 001521 2025 RED VL-1 lander.png
Satellite photo of the Viking 1 Mars lander taken by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.
Mars Viking 12a240.png
Viking 1 lander image of a martian sunset over Chryse Planitia. In this image the sun is 2 degrees below the local horizon. The banding in the sky is an artifact produced by the incremental brightness levels of the camera. This image was taken on the 30th martian day (sol) after touchdown, at 19:13 local time (10:40:31 on 20 August 1976 (UTC)). The camera is pointing towards the southwest.
Titan 3E-Centaur launches with Viking 1.jpg
Viking 1 was launched by a Titan/Centaur rocket from Complex 41 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station at 5:22 p.m. EDT to begin a half-billion mile, 11-month journey through space to explore Mars. The 4-ton spacecraft went into orbit around the red planet in mid-1976.
Mars Viking 11d128.png

Original Caption Released with NASA image:

The Viking 1 Lander sampling arm created a number of deep trenches as part of the surface composition and biology experiments on Mars. The digging tool on the sampling arm (at lower center) could scoop up samples of material and deposit them into the appropriate experiment. Some holes were dug deeper to study soil which was not affected by solar radiation and weathering. The trenches in this ESE looking image are in the "Sandy Flats" area of the landing site at Chryse Planitia. The boom holding the meteorology sensors is at left. More information can be found at Viking Lander Image 11D128.BLU, Viking Lander Image 11D128.GRN and Viking Lander Image 11D128.RED.
Mars Viking 12a002.png

Original Caption Released with NASA image:

This is the first panoramic view by Viking 1 from the surface of Mars. The out of focus spacecraft component toward left center is the housing for the Viking sample arm, which is not yet deployed. Parallel lines in the sky are an artifact and are not real features. However, the change of brightness from horizon towards zenith and towards the right (west) is accurately reflected in this picture, taken in late Martian afternoon. At the horizon to the left is a plateau-like prominence much brighter than the foreground material between the rocks. The horizon features are approximately three kilometers (1.8 miles) away. At left is a collection of fine-grained material reminiscent of sand dunes. The dark sinuous markings in left foreground are of unknown origin. Some unidentified shapes can be perceived on the hilly eminence at the horizon towards the right. A horizontal cloud stratum can be made out halfway from the horizon to the top of the picture. At left is seen the low gain antenna for receipt of commands from the Earth. The projections on or near the horizon may represent the rims distant impact craters. In right foreground are color charts for Lander camera calibration, a mirror for the Viking magnetic properties experiment and part of a grid on the top of the Lander body. At upper right is the high gain dish antenna for direct communication between landed spacecraft and Earth. Toward the right edge is an array of smooth fine-grained material which shows some hint of ripple structure and may be the beginning of a large dune field off to the right of the picture, which joins with dunes seen at the top left in this 300° panoramic view. Some of the rocks appear to be undercut on one side and partially buried by drifting sand on the other. In the NASA Viking image archive more information can be found at Viking Lander Image 12A002.SUR.
Viking lander model.jpg
Forfatter/Opretter: Mark Pelligrino, Licens: CC BY-SA 3.0
Viking lander proof test article in the National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institute, Washington, D.C.
Viking spacecraft.jpg
Viking 1 launched aboard a Titan IIIE rocket August 20, 1975 and arrived at Mars on June 19, 1976. The first month was spent in orbit around the martian planet and on July 20, 1976 Viking Lander 1 separated from the Orbiter and touched down at Chryse Planitia.
Mars Viking 22e169.png

Original Caption Released with NASA Image:

Photo from Viking Lander 2 shows late-winter frost on the ground on Mars around the lander. The view is southeast over the top of Lander 2, and shows patches of frost around dark rocks. The surface is reddish-brown; the dark rocks vary in size from 10 centimeters (four inches) to 76 centimeters (30 inches) in diameter. This picture was obtained September 25, 1977. The frost deposits were detected for the first time 12 Martian days (sols) earlier in a black-and-white image. Color differences between the white frost and the reddish soil confirm that we are observing frost. The Lander Imaging Team is trying to determine if frost deposits routinely form due to cold night temperatures, then disappear during the warmer daytime. Preliminary analysis, however, indicates the frost was on the ground for some time and is disappearing over many days. That suggests to scientists that the frost is not frozen carbon dioxide (dry ice) but is more likely a carbon dioxide clathrate (six parts water to one part carbon dioxide). Detailed studies of the frost formation and disappearance, in conjunction with temperature measurements from the lander’s meteorology experiment, should be able to confirm or deny that hypothesis, scientists say.
Mars Viking 12a001.png
First Clear Image From Mars Surface (Viking 1, July 20, 1976).
Mars Viking 11h016.png
This picture was taken by the Viking Lander 1 on February 11, 1978 on Sol 556. The large rock just left of the center is about two meters wide. This rock was named "Big Joe" by the Viking scientists. The top of the rock is covered with red soil. Those portions of the rock not covered are similar in color to basaltic rocks on Earth. Therefore, this may be a fragment of a lava flow that was ejected by an impact crater. The part of the Lander that is visible in the lower left is the cover of the nuclear power supply.