Tjuktere
| Tjuktere (Чукчи) | ||
|---|---|---|
 | ||
| Foto fra 1906 | ||
| Antal og fordeling | ||
| Antal i alt | 15.767 (2002) | |
 Rusland: | 15.767 | [1] |
*  Tjukotskij autonome okrug: | 12.772 (2010) | |
*  Kamtjatka kraj: | 1.487 (2002) | [1] |
*  Sakha/Jakutien: | 602 (2002) | [1] |
*  Magadan oblast: | 248 (2002) | [1] |
| Etnografi | ||
| Race: | Mongolsk | |
| Sprog: | Tjuktisk; russisk | |
| Religion: | Shamanisme,russisk-ortodokse kristne, | |
| Levevis: | Nomader, jægere og fiskere | |
| Udbredelse | ||
.svg) | ||
| Kortet over Sibirien viser tjukternes udbredelsesområde. | ||
Tjuktere er et palæoasiatisk folk bosat i Asiens nordøstligste hjørne, Tjukterhalvøen i Russisk fjernøsten, fra floden Indigirka til Beringstrædet, i den nutidige russiske region Tjukotka (hvor de udgør omkring 8 % af befolkningen).
Det samlede antal tjuktere udgjorde i 1989 omkring 15.000 personer. Heraf opgav 70%, at de kunne tale tjuktjisk.
Man skelner mellem de traditionelt nomadiserende rensdyravlende tundratjuktere og kysttjuktere, der traditionelt boede ved kysten og ernærede sig ved fangst af havpattedyr. Førstnævnte anvendte tidligere rensdyr, de sidstnævnte hunde som trækdyr.
Befolkningens traditionelle religion er shamanisme.
I 1600-tallet begyndte russerne at kolonisere tjukternes område. Tjukterne gjorde hårdnakket modstand mod de indtrængende og lykkedes længe at holde stand, men måtte til sidst give efter for den russiske overmagt. I 1930'erne blev de traditionelle erhverv kollektiviseret og befolkningen blev samlet i kollektiv- og statsbrug. I 1960'erne begyndte man at samle befolkningen i lidt større helårs-bebyggelser. På trods af, at lokale skoler underviste i tjuktisk, vandt russisk efterhånden indpas som det altdominerende sprog.
Noter
- ^ a b c d Folketælling i Rusland 2002 (Webside ikke længere tilgængelig)
Eksterne henvisninger
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 | Infoboks uden skabelon Denne artikel har en infoboks dannet af en tabel eller tilsvarende. |
Medier brugt på denne side
Forfatter/Opretter: Irina Kazanskaya from Moscow, Russia, Licens: CC BY 2.0
Khanty girls
Forfatter/Opretter: Tango Project], Gnome, og VisualEditor team, Licens: GPL
Icon used to indicate a list
Flag of Magadan Oblast.
Forfatter/Opretter: Marmelad, Licens: CC BY-SA 2.5
Autogenerated image to indicate Russian subjects as of 2008-03. Subject as indicated by filename.
Flag of Sakha
The photo shows men, women, and children in a mixture of native, Russian, and western dress lined up for a photo in front of a building. This photo is from Anadyr (Novo-Mariinsk) Russia in summer 1906. It is from a book describing a hunting/specimen-collecting trip.
The building is roughly rectangular, having a peaked roof with the ridge parallel to the long axis of the building, and a framed door in the end. There appears to be a lintel or beam in the wall at about head height, the walls are possibly sod. The roof is covered with a flexible material, possibly a tarp, but not overlapping walrus skins as used on yarangas. The peak is rounded, suggesting the tarp is spread over sod or thatch.
On the right front are four seated or kneeling women in traditional Chukchi dress. Behind them stands a large man in dark American-style clothes. He has a mustache and a broad-brimmed hat. In the middle of the picture is a group (5 men, 2 women, a pre-teen or teen-aged boy, and 4 young children) who appear to be Siberian natives or Metis in Russian dress (the men mostly wear military-style caps and cloth coats, the women wear scarves). In the middle of this group, in front of the building and behind the children, is a taller man with a mustache and a Russian-style fur hat. Behind him a tall thin man with a military-style cap is barely visible in the doorway of the building. Further to the left, and in front, are two standing men in distinctive dress, One wears a (fur?) overcoat and military style cap, the other has a rounder, more oriental-appearing face and wears a short, belted cloth coat and a short-brimmed cap. At the left end of the group is a tall man in Chukchi dress with a western-style hat; a small boy peeks from behind him. There may be one more person mostly hidden behind the central group.
Clumps of grass grow on the slope in front of the group.
Flag of Kamchatka Krai
