Thyamis

Thyamis
Thyamis
Overblik
Region	Epirus
Land	Grækenland
Koordinater	39°35′12″N 20°8′32″Ø / 39.58667°N 20.14222°ØKoordinater: 39°35′12″N 20°8′32″Ø / 39.58667°N 20.14222°Ø
Geografi
Udspring	Kalpaki
- sted	Ioannina
Udmunding	Det Joniske Hav
- koord.	39°35′12″N 20°8′32″Ø / 39.58667°N 20.14222°Ø
Fysiske kendetegn
Længde	115 km
Afvandingsareal	1.900 km²
Oversigtskort
	Udmunding Thyamis' udspring og udmunding
	Information med symbolet hentes fra Wikidata.; [ redigér på Wikidata ]

Thyamis (græsk: Θύαμις), også kendt som Glykys (Γλυκύς)^[1] eller Kalamas (Καλαμάς),^[2]^[3] er en flod i Epirus- regionen i Grækenland, der løber ud i Det Joniske Hav . Det er 115 kilometer lang,^[4]^[3] og dens afvandingsområde er omkring 1.900 km², hvoraf over 99% på græsk territorium.^[3] Navnene på Chameria-regionen (Tsamouria på græsk) såvel som det tidligere Cham-mindretal stammer fra flodens navn.

Thyamis i det antikke Grækenland blev nævnt af Pausanias^[5] som værende grænsen mellem Thesprotia og Kestrine.^[6]^[7] Derudover nævnte Suda^[8] og Ptolemæus^[9] det.

Nogle renæssanceforskere mente, at den engelske flod Themsen skyldte sit navn til floden Thyamis, da man mente, at tidlige keltiske stammer var migreret fra Epirus-regionen til England. Selvom denne tro påvirkede den moderne stavning af den engelske flods navn, anses den ikke længere for at være troværdig.

Dæmning og vandkraftværk ved floden Thyamis, i Thesprotia

Flodens kilde er nær landsbyen Kalpaki i den nordvestlige del af den regionale enhed Ioannina. Den løber først mod syd og drejer mod sydvest nær Soulopoulo. Den modtager sin biflod Tyria nær Vrosina og drejer mod vest nær Kyparisso i Thesprotia, hvor der ligger en dæmning og vandkraftværk. Den munder ud i Det Joniske Hav nær landsbyen Kestrini, mellem Igoumenitsa og Sagiada, tæt på den albanske grænse.

Steder langs floden omfatter, fra kilden til mundingen: Mazaraki, Soulopoulo, Vrosina, Raveni, Pente Ekklisies, Kyparisso, Parapotamos og Kestrini.

I mellemkrigstiden i det 20. århundrede var albansktalende landsbyer i Thyamis-deltaet og flodbassinet små og spredte sammenlignet med de større græske landsbyer i bjergene i det bakkede område mod nord.^[10]

Miljø

Thyamis danner et floddelta, hvor den munder ud i Det Joniske Hav, nord for Igoumenitsa. Deltaet er kendt for at have en rig flora, og trækfugle raster i dets farvande for at få mad og hvile.

Floden har dog lidt under miljøforringelse i årtier på grund af ukontrollerede menneskelige aktiviteter og dårlig forvaltning fra myndighederne.

Kilder og henvisninger

^ Strabo. Geography, 7.7. Note #35: "The Thyamus, or Thyamis, is now called Glycys, and the Acheron, Calamas."
^ Peck, Harry Thurston. Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, 1898, p. 1579. "(Thuamis). Now Kalama; a river in Epirus, forming the boundary between Thesprotia and the district of Cestryna."
^ ^a ^b ^c Preliminary Flood Risk Assessment, Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change, p. 54
^ Greece in Figures January - March 2018 Arkiveret 22. juni 2018 hos Wayback Machine, p. 12
^ Pausanias. Description of Greece, Attica, 1.11.2. "Helenus on his death passed on the kingdom to Molossus, son of Pyrrhus, so that Cestrinus with volunteers from the Epeirots took possession of the region beyond the river Thyamis, while Pergamus crossed into Asia and killed Areius..."
^ Finley, M. I. The Portable Greek Historians: The Essence of Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon, Polybius. Viking Portable Library, 1977, p. 220: "There also the river Thyamis flows, forming the boundary between Thesprotis and Kes-trine..."
^ Pliny the Elder. Natural History, 4.1.2, "the Thyamis, a river of Thesprotia..."
^ Suda Encyclopedia, §th.529
^ Ptolemaeus, Geography, §3.13.2
^ Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1967). Epirus: the Geography, the Ancient Remains, the History and Topography of Epirus and Adjacent Areas. Oxford: Clarendon Press. s. 89-90. ISBN 9780198142539. "The greater part of the canton of Filiates lies north of the lower Kalamas. It is contained between the river and its northern watershed, along which the present frontier runs between Greece and Albania. There is little fertile land except in the delta and the inner basin of the Kalamas. The northern part of the canton is broken up by a tangle of mountain peaks, and i found it difficult to traverse.... In contrast to the Albanian-speaking villages of the Kalamas delta and basin, these villages are Greek in speech and outlook,.... The other villages have on average some 200 houses, and they are considerably larger than the scattered Albanian-speaking villages of the Kalamas basin."

[1] Strabo. Geography, 7.7. Note #35: "The Thyamus, or Thyamis, is now called Glycys, and the Acheron, Calamas."

[2] Peck, Harry Thurston. Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, 1898, p. 1579. "(Thuamis). Now Kalama; a river in Epirus, forming the boundary between Thesprotia and the district of Cestryna."

[ypeka-3] Preliminary Flood Risk Assessment, Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change, p. 54

[4] Greece in Figures January - March 2018 Arkiveret 22. juni 2018 hos Wayback Machine, p. 12

[5] Pausanias. Description of Greece, Attica, 1.11.2. "Helenus on his death passed on the kingdom to Molossus, son of Pyrrhus, so that Cestrinus with volunteers from the Epeirots took possession of the region beyond the river Thyamis, while Pergamus crossed into Asia and killed Areius..."

[6] Finley, M. I. The Portable Greek Historians: The Essence of Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon, Polybius. Viking Portable Library, 1977, p. 220: "There also the river Thyamis flows, forming the boundary between Thesprotis and Kes-trine..."

[7] Pliny the Elder. Natural History, 4.1.2, "the Thyamis, a river of Thesprotia..."

[8] Suda Encyclopedia, §th.529

[9] Ptolemaeus, Geography, §3.13.2

[Hammond8990-10] Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1967). Epirus: the Geography, the Ancient Remains, the History and Topography of Epirus and Adjacent Areas. Oxford: Clarendon Press. s. 89-90. ISBN 9780198142539. "The greater part of the canton of Filiates lies north of the lower Kalamas. It is contained between the river and its northern watershed, along which the present frontier runs between Greece and Albania. There is little fertile land except in the delta and the inner basin of the Kalamas. The northern part of the canton is broken up by a tangle of mountain peaks, and i found it difficult to traverse.... In contrast to the Albanian-speaking villages of the Kalamas delta and basin, these villages are Greek in speech and outlook,.... The other villages have on average some 200 houses, and they are considerably larger than the scattered Albanian-speaking villages of the Kalamas basin."

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