Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (da: evt. Fælles socioøkonomiske udledningsscenarier[note 1]) er scenarier for samfundsøkonomiske globale ændringer frem til 2100. De bruges til at fremstille scenarier for drivhusgasudledninger for forskning og for tilrettelæggelsen af forskellige klimapolitikker.[1][note 2]
Scenarierne er:
SSP1: Bæredygtighed (den grønne vej) | – Sustainability (Taking the Green Road) | |
SSP2: Middelvejen | – Middle of the road | |
SSP3: Regional rivalisering (en knoldet vej) | – Regional rivalry (A Rocky Road) | |
SSP4: Ulighed (delte veje) | – Inequality (A Road Divided) | |
SSP5: Videre med fossilt brændstof[3] | – Fossil-Fueled Development (Taking the Highway) |
De vil blive brugt ved udarbejdejdelsen af IPCC's sjette vurderingsrapport ('IPCC Sixth Assessment Report', AR6) om global opvarmning, der forventes i 2021[note 4].
SSP'erne beskriver udviklingsforløb for forskellige socioøkonomiske udviklinger. Disse beskrivelser (narrativer, 'storylines'[note 5]) er kvalitative beskrivelser så der er en sammenhæng inden for den enkelte SSP.[1]
Med hensyn til kvantitative elementer leverer de data, der ledsager scenarierne for den nationale befolkning, urbanisering og BNP (pr. indbygger).[4] SSP'erne kan kombineres med forskellige integrerede vurderingsmodeller (IAM[note 6]) for at udforske mulige fremtidige veje både socioøkonomisk og klimamæssigt.[4]
SSP'erne afløser tidligere udledningsscenarier
De foreslåede nye SSP-udledningsscenarier skal afløse dem der blev brugt i IPCC's tredje vurderingsrapport ('TAR' fra 2001) og i IPCC's fjerde vurderingsrapport ('AR4', offentliggjort i 2007). De tidligere brugte scenarier er beskrevet i Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) og skulle forbedre aspekter af scenarierne fra 'IS92', som lå til grund for IPCC's anden vurderingsrapport fra 1995, 'IPCC Second Assessment Report'[note 7].
Herunder narrativer eller 'storylines' for de fem scenarier:
SSP1: Bæredygtighed (den grønne vej)
Gradvist men gennemgribende udvikler verden sig hen mod en mere bæredygtig vej med vægt på en mere inkluderende udvikling ('inclusive development'), der respekterer hvad der opfattes som miljømæssige grænser. Forvaltningen af globale fælles goder ('global commons') forbedres langsomt, uddannelses- og sundhedsinvesteringer fremskynder den demografiske overgang ('transition'), og vægten skifter fra økonomisk vækst til mere fokus på menneskelig velvære. Drevet af en stigende forpligtelse til at nå udviklingsmål reduceres uligheden både på tværs af og inden for lande. Forbruget er rettet mod lav materiel vækst og lavere ressource- og energiintensitet.[5][6][note 8]
- SSP1 Sustainability – Taking the Green Road (Low challenges to mitigation and adaptation)
- The world shifts gradually, but pervasively, toward a more sustainable path, emphasizing more inclusive development that respects perceived environmental boundaries.
- Management of the global commons slowly improves, educational and health investments accelerate the demographic transition, and the emphasis on economic growth shifts toward a broader emphasis on human well-being.
- Driven by an increasing commitment to achieving development goals, inequality is reduced both across and within countries.
- Consumption is oriented toward low material growth and lower resource and energy intensity.
- The world shifts gradually, but pervasively, toward a more sustainable path, emphasizing more inclusive development that respects perceived environmental boundaries.
SSP2: Middelvejen
Verden følger en vej hvor sociale, økonomiske og teknologiske trends ikke forandrer sig nævneværdigt i forhold til historiske mønstre. Udvikling og indkomstvækst forløber ujævnt, hvor nogle lande gør relativt gode fremskridt, mens andre ikke lever op til forventningerne. Globale og nationale institutioner arbejder mod at nå opsatte mål for bæredygtig udvikling, men gør kun langsomt fremskridt. Miljøsystemer oplever nedbrydning, selv om der er nogle forbedringer, og samlet set falder intensiteten af ressource- og energiforbruget. Den globale befolkningstilvækst er moderat og flader ud i anden halvdel af århundredet. Indkomstuligheder vedvarer eller forbedres kun langsomt, og der er stadig udfordringer med at mindske sårbarheden over for samfundsmæssige og miljømæssige ændringer.[5][7]
- SSP2 Middle of the Road (Medium challenges to mitigation and adaptation)
- The world follows a path in which social, economic, and technological trends do not shift markedly from historical patterns.
- Development and income growth proceeds unevenly, with some countries making relatively good progress while others fall short of expectations.
- Global and national institutions work toward but make slow progress in achieving sustainable development goals.
- Environmental systems experience degradation, although there are some improvements and overall the intensity of resource and energy use declines.
- Global population growth is moderate and levels off in the second half of the century.
- Income inequality persists or improves only slowly and challenges to reducing vulnerability to societal and environmental changes remain.
- The world follows a path in which social, economic, and technological trends do not shift markedly from historical patterns.
SSP3: Regional rivalisering (en knoldet vej)
En genopstået nationalisme, bekymringer om konkurrenceevne og sikkerhed og regionale konflikter presser landene til i stigende grad at fokusere på indenlandske eller højst regionale spørgsmål. Politikker skifter over tid for at blive mere og mere orienteret mod nationale og regionale sikkerhedspørgsmål. Lande fokuserer på at nå mål for energi- og fødevaresikkerhed i deres egne regioner på bekostning af en bredere baseret udvikling. Investeringerne i uddannelse og teknologisk udvikling er faldende. Den økonomiske udvikling er langsom, forbruget er materialeintensivt, og ulighederne vedvarer eller forværres med tiden. Befolkningsvæksten er lav i industrialiserede lande og høj i udviklingslandene. En lav international prioritering for at tage miljøhensyn fører til stærk miljøforringelse i nogle regioner. [5][8]
- SSP3 Regional Rivalry – A Rocky Road (High challenges to mitigation and adaptation)
- A resurgent nationalism, concerns about competitiveness and security, and regional conflicts push countries to increasingly focus on domestic or, at most, regional issues.
- Policies shift over time to become increasingly oriented toward national and regional security issues.
- Countries focus on achieving energy and food security goals within their own regions at the expense of broader-based development. Investments in education and technological development decline.
- Economic development is slow, consumption is material-intensive, and inequalities persist or worsen over time.
- Population growth is low in industrialized and high in developing countries.
- A low international priority for addressing environmental concerns leads to strong environmental degradation in some regions.
- A resurgent nationalism, concerns about competitiveness and security, and regional conflicts push countries to increasingly focus on domestic or, at most, regional issues.
SSP4: Ulighed (delte veje)
Meget ulige investeringer i menneskelig kapital kombineret med stigende forskelle i økonomisk mulighed og politisk magt fører til stigende uligheder og stratificering både på tværs af og inden for lande. Over tid udvides kløften mellem et internationalt forbundet samfund, der bidrager til viden- og kapitalintensive sektorer i den globale økonomi, og en fragmenteret samling af samfund med lav indkomst og dårlige uddannelsesmuligheder: samfund, der virker i en arbejdskrævende lavteknologisk økonomi. Social samhørighed forringes og konflikter og uro bliver stadig mere almindelige. Teknologiudviklingen er høj inden for den højteknologiske økonomi og dens sektorer. Den globalt forbundne energisektor diversificerer med investeringer i både kulstofintensive brændstoffer som kul og ukonventionel olie, men også energikilder med lavt kulstofindhold. Miljøpolitikker fokuserer på lokale spørgsmål omkring mellem- og højindkomstområder.[5][9]
- SSP4 Inequality – A Road Divided (Low challenges to mitigation, high challenges to adaptation)
- Highly unequal investments in human capital, combined with increasing disparities in economic opportunity and political power, lead to increasing inequalities and stratification both across and within countries.
- Over time, a gap widens between an internationally-connected society that contributes to knowledge- and capital-intensive sectors of the global economy, and a fragmented collection of lower-income, poorly educated societies that work in a labor intensive, low-tech economy.
- Social cohesion degrades and conflict and unrest become increasingly common.
- Technology development is high in the high-tech economy and sectors.
- The globally connected energy sector diversifies, with investments in both carbon-intensive fuels like coal and unconventional oil, but also low-carbon energy sources.
- Environmental policies focus on local issues around middle and high income areas.
- Highly unequal investments in human capital, combined with increasing disparities in economic opportunity and political power, lead to increasing inequalities and stratification both across and within countries.
SSP5: Videre med fossilt brændstof (motorvejen)
Denne verden har stigende tillid til konkurrencedygtige markeder, innovation og deltagende samfund ('participatory societies') for at producere hurtig teknologisk fremgang og udvikling af menneskelig kapital som vejen til bæredygtig udvikling. De globale markeder integreres i stigende grad. Der er også omfattende investeringer i sundhed, uddannelse og institutioner for at styrke menneskelig og social kapital. Samtidig kobles drivkraften for økonomisk og social udvikling sammen med udnyttelsen af rigelige fossile brændstofressourcer og tilslutningen til ressource- og energikrævende livsstile rundt om i verden. Alle disse faktorer fører til hurtig vækst i den globale økonomi, mens den globale befolkning topper og falder i det 21. århundrede. Lokale miljøproblemer som luftforurening håndteres med succes. Der er tro på evnen til effektivt at styre sociale og økologiske systemer, herunder om nødvendigt ved geoteknik.[5][10]
- SSP5 Fossil-fueled Development – Taking the Highway (High challenges to mitigation, low challenges to adaptation)
- This world places increasing faith in competitive markets, innovation and participatory societies to produce rapid technological progress and development of human capital as the path to sustainable development.
- Global markets are increasingly integrated.
- There are also strong investments in health, education, and institutions to enhance human and social capital.
- At the same time, the push for economic and social development is coupled with the exploitation of abundant fossil fuel resources and the adoption of resource and energy intensive lifestyles around the world.
- All these factors lead to rapid growth of the global economy, while global population peaks and declines in the 21st century.
- Local environmental problems like air pollution are successfully managed.
- There is faith in the ability to effectively manage social and ecological systems, including by geo-engineering if necessary.
- This world places increasing faith in competitive markets, innovation and participatory societies to produce rapid technological progress and development of human capital as the path to sustainable development.
Udvalgte akronymer til emnet
Om sammenhængen mellem de første tre akronymer omtalt herunder (RCP – SSP – SPA):
- "For bedre at kunne forudse de potentielle virkninger af klimaforandringer kræves forskellige oplysninger om fremtiden, herunder klima, samfund og økonomi, tilpasning og afhjælpning. For at imødekomme dette behov er der udviklet en global ramme med scenarier, hvori der indgår RCP (Representative Concentration Pathways), SSP (Shared Socioeconomic Pathways) og SPA (Shared Policy Assumption) (kort: RCP – SSP – SPA), til brug for FN klimapanels femte vurderingsrapport ('Fifth Assessment Report', IPCC-AR5). ..."[note 9]
RCP | Representative Concentration Pathway (en) [note 10] | Repræsentative udledningsscenarier er scenarier for udvalgte koncentrationer (ikke udledninger) af drivhusgasser frem mod år 2100. Fire RCP'er blev valgt og defineret ved deres samlede strålingspåvirkning ('total radiative forcing' : kumulativ måling af menneskelige emissioner af drivhusgasser fra alle kilder udtrykt i watt pr. kvadratmeter – 2,6 ; 4,5 ; 6,0 og 8,5 W/m2), deres udviklingsbane hen gennem århundredet, og det niveau der nås ved år 2100. RCP'erne blev valgt til at repræsentere en bred vifte af klimaudfald, baseret på gennemgang af litteratur. De er hverken prognoser eller politiske anbefalinger. |
SSP | Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (en) | Scenarier for samfundsøkonomiske globale ændringer frem til 2100. De bruges til at udlede scenarier for drivhusgasudledninger ved forskellige klimapolitikker. |
SPA | Shared Policy Assumption / Shared climate policy assumption | De politiske antagelser man kan blive enige om som svar på forventede klimaændringer. Lokale svar kan være i strid med de globale tendenser. SPA'er indeholder beskrivelser af ændringer i befolkning, menneskelig udvikling, økonomi, livsstil, politik, teknologi og miljø. |
IAM | Integrated assessment modelling (en) | Integreret vurderingsmodellering / Integrerede vurderingsmodeller skal hjælpe med at forstå, hvordan menneskelig udvikling og samfundsvalg påvirker hinanden og den naturlige verden, herunder klimaforandringer. De er 'integrerede', fordi de kombinerer forskellige vidensområder for at modellere det menneskelige samfund sammen med dele af jordsystemet. |
IAV | Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability (en) | Klimatilpasning vedrører samfundets tilpasning til de klimaændringer der forventes over de kommende årtier. |
Noter og referencer
- Noter
- ^ Om udtrykket 'Fælles socioøkonomiske udledningsscenarier': Skift gerne til dén danske betegnelse der måtte ende med at vinde indpas. −
Vedr. 'shared' : "... To group scenarios, a minimum set of assumptions should (to some degree) be shared among all scenarios in a group. This minimum set ensures some amount of consistency. The elements of the socioeconomic reference scenario that are shared among all possible manifestations in a column of the scenario matrix form a Shared Socioeconomic reference Pathway or SSP. ..." − Fra "A framework for a new generation of socioeconomic scenarios for climate change impact, adaptation, vulnerability, and mitigation research", Ipcc.ch (IPCC) i et udkast til de nye scenarier fra 2010/2011 - ^ "RCPs and SSPs: What are they and where are they going?" Arkiveret 18. september 2017 hos Wayback Machine fra Umd.edu (University of Maryland). Side 10 "SSP Narratives" giver i skemaform en uddybning – Vedr. 'RCP', 'SSP' og flere akronymer: se videre herunder #Udvalgte akronymer til emnet
- ^ "SSP Scenario Database" fra Iiasa.ac.at ('International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis') har en sammenhængende beskrivelse af SSP-projektet, herunder om de to akser :"... The framework is built around a matrix that combines climate forcing on one axis (as represented by the 'Representative Forcing Pathways') and socio-economic conditions on the other. Together, these two axes describe situations in which mitigation, adaptation and residual climate damage can be evaluated. ..." (Dansk resumé : '... Rammen er bygget op omkring en matrix, der kombinerer klimapåvirkninger på den ene akse (som repræsenteret af 'Representative Forcing Pathways') og socioøkonomiske forhold på den anden. Sammen beskriver disse to akser situationer, hvor afhjælpning, tilpasning og resterende klimaskader kan evalueres. ...')
- ^ Om den forventede rapport i 2021 ('AR6') : 'Sixth Assessment Report' hos Ipcc.ch, IPCC
Citater vedrørende det tidligere grundlag fra 2000 Special Report on Emissions Scenarios 'SRES' og afløseren 'SSP':- "Previous set of socio‐economic scenarios are 15years old (SRES, 2000). New socio‐economic scenarios are needed (SSPs)" – (SRES, 2000, IPCC-link).
- Disse SSP-scenarier skal : "Enable better integration of mitigation, adaptation and climate impact research in future assessments (AR6)" – Fra "The Shared Socio‐Economic Pathways (SSPs): An Overview" fra Unfccc.int, UNFCCC –
- Siden "FN's klimascenarier" fra Klimatilpasning.dk beskriver overgangen fra de hidtidige 'SRES-scenarier' (Special Report on Emissions Scenarios) til afløseren, hvori de fem SSP'er indgår med 'RCP' (Representative Concentration Pathways) og 'SPA' (Shared Policy Assumption) – Se videre herunder #Udvalgte akronymer til emnet og #SSP'erne afløser tidligere udledningsscenarier
- ^ Storyline, narrativ, fortælling, beskrivelse : 'Storylines' er et udtryk der bruges om beskrivelserne af de enkelte scenarier. – Se evt.
- "Supplementary note for the SSP data sets" fra Iiasa.ac.at: "The SSP storylines served as the starting point for the development of the quantitative SSP elements. Each storyline provides a brief narrative of the main characteristics of the future development path of an SSP. ..." (Dansk resumé: 'SSP-storylines fungerede som udgangspunkt for udviklingen af de kvantitative SSP-elementer. Hver storyline indeholder en kort beskrivelse af de vigtigste egenskaber ved den fremtidige udviklingsvej for den pågældende SSP. ...')
- 'Introduction' til "SSP Database" fra Iiasa.ac.at (International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis) har: "... The SSPs can be interpreted in different ways. For instance, the marker scenarios can be interpreted as representatives of the different storylines. As much as possible, we have ensured that the elaborations of the different markers provide a consistent story across the different SSPs. ..." (Dansk resumé: '... SSP'erne kan fortolkes på forskellige måder. For eksempel kan markørscenarierne fortolkes som repræsentanter for de forskellige storylines. Så meget som muligt har vi sikret, at udarbejdelsen af de forskellige markører giver en ensartet beskrivelse på tværs af de forskellige SSP'er (hen gennem de respektive SSP'ere) ...' –
- Se evt. også "SSP Scenario Database" fra Iiasa.ac.at ('International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis') for en sammenhængende beskrivelse af formålet med SSP-konceptet. –
- "...An alternative is thus emerging which may be called a ‘storyline’ approach. We define a storyline as a physically self-consistent unfolding of past events, or of plausible future events or pathways. ..." (Dansk resumé : '... Et alternativ som kan kaldes en 'storyline' vinder frem. Vi definerer en storyline som en fysisk selvkonsistent udfoldelse af tidligere begivenheder eller af plausible fremtidige begivenheder eller veje. ...') fra "Storylines: an alternative approach to representing uncertainty in physical aspects of climate change" Springer.com (December 2018, Volume 151, Issue 3–4, pp 555–571) – I: Climatic Change (An Interdisciplinary, International Journal Devoted to the Description, Causes and Implications of Climatic Change)
- "Storyline approach to the construction of regional climate change information" af Theodore G. Shepherd fra Royalsocietypublishing.org – Published: 15 May 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2019.0013 – (pdf)
- "How are the SSP storylines being implemented in the Integrated Assessment Models—with a focus on land-use changes" af Kate Calvin et al. – Fra Purdue.edu (Purdue University, Indiana)
- "Storylines: an alternative approach to representing uncertainty in physical aspects of climate change" fra Nih.gov, 10. nov. 2018 (National Institutes of Health) (doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-018-2317-9 ) – Har bl.a. denne begrundelse: "... improving risk awareness by framing risk in an event-oriented rather than a probabilistic manner, which corresponds more directly to how people perceive and respond to risk; ..." (Dansk resumé: '...øge risikobevidstheden ved at sætte risiko ind i et sæt af begivenheder snarere end at fremstille risiko ved sandsynligheder – en måde, der svarer bedre til, hvordan mennesker opfatter og reagerer på risiko; ...'
- ^ Vedr. 'Integrerede vurderingsmodeller, AIM, se evt. 'Integrated assessment modelling' (engelsk) og afsnit "Baseline CO2 emissions and warming" i "Explainer: How ‘Shared Socioeconomic Pathways’ explore future climate change" fra Carbonbrief.org.
- ^ Vedrørende tidligere rapporter:
- Denne skabelon giver et overblik over de forskellige rapporter fra IPCC (IPCC Assessment Reports og IPCC Special Reports)
- De engelske versioner indsat med småt af de fem SSP'er er fra "Table 2. Summary of SSP narratives" i Riahi, Keywan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.05.009 med licens CC BY 4.0 – svarende til forlæggets Ref. nr. 5 ved oprettelsen, ~ <ref name=":2" />) – De er indsat for at gøre kontrol af de danske formuleringer lettere, men kan jo slettes hvis man ønsker.
- Til 'IS92' : "IPCC IS92 Scenarios" fra SEDAC, Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center tilknyttet U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA hos https://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/about
- Vedr. 'SRES'-scenarierne der skulle forbedre scenarierne fra 'IS92' og skal afløses af 'SSP'-scenarierne : "IPCC SPECIAL REPORT EMISSIONS SCENARIOS" – Summary for Policymakers; Fra Ipcc.ch/ (A Special Report of IPCC Working Group III – Published for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2000. SBN: 92-9169-113-5 – Blandt andet afsnittet : "Why new Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change scenarios?" –
- Om de nye scenarier til studiet af klimaforandringer : O’Neill, B.C., Kriegler, E., Riahi, K. et al. Climatic Change (2014) 122: 387. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0905-2 : "A new scenario framework for climate change research: the concept of shared socioeconomic pathways" (Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.)
- Til 'IS92' : "IPCC IS92 Scenarios" fra SEDAC, Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center tilknyttet U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA hos https://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/about
- ^ "Supplementary note for the SSP data sets" fra Iiasa.ac.at har fyldigere beskrivelser af de fem SSP-storylines, på engelsk
- ^ Om 'RCP–SSP–SPA scenario framework' (engelsk): "To better anticipate potential impacts of climate change, diverse information about the future is required, including climate, society and economy, and adaptation and mitigation. To address this need, a global RCP (Representative Concentration Pathways), SSP (Shared Socio-economic Pathways), and SPA (Shared climate Policy Assumptions) (RCP–SSP–SPA) scenario framework has been developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report (IPCC-AR5). ..." Citat fra artikel af Abiy S.Kebedea et al. "Applying the global RCP–SSP–SPA scenario framework at sub-national scale: A multi-scale and participatory scenario approach". I: Science of The Total Environment. Volume 635, 1 September 2018, Pages 659-672 med doi-link https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.368 og med licens https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
- Til matrix-konceptet for de nye scenarier: "... In essence, the conceptual framework for the development on new scenarios can be described as a three-dimensional matrix with RCPs on one dimension, SSPs, on a second, and SPAs on the third. ..." fra : Nakicenovic, N., Lempert, R.J. & Janetos, A.C. "A Framework for the Development of New Socio-economic Scenarios for Climate Change Research: Introductory Essay". I: Climatic Change 122, 351–361 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0982-2 (Creative Commons Attribution License)
- ^ Note til akronymerne. De fem indsat her er fra artiklen "A new scenario framework for climate change research: the concept of shared climate policy assumptions". To be cited as : Kriegler, E., Edmonds, J., Hallegatte, S. et al. Climatic Change (2014) 122: 401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0971-5
- Til RPC :"Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs)". IPCC. Hentet 13. februar 2019.
- Til SPA : 'Shared Policy Assumption'. Til udtrykket 'shared' : "...The idea that policy assumptions may be shared between studies should not be confused with a prescription that all countries should take the same level of action, or should act under internationally co-ordinated regimes. ..." (Kriegler, E. et al. ovenfor) – Et eksempel på lokal vurdering fra New Zealand: 'Shared Policy Assumptions (SPAs)' Arkiveret 24. februar 2020 hos Wayback Machine fra Ccii.org.nz
- Til IAM : 'Integrated assessment modelling' : Se "Explainer: How ‘Shared Socioeconomic Pathways’ explore future climate change" fra Carbonbrief.org og 'Integrated assessment modelling' (engelsk).
- Referencer
- ^ a b UNECE, 15 May 2019.
- ^ SSP Database (Shared Socioeconomic Pathways) – Version 2.0: https://tntcat.iiasa.ac.at/SspDb/ ("About")
- ^ Carbon Brief, 19 April 2018.
- ^ a b "SSP Database". tntcat.iiasa.ac.at. Hentet 2019-11-09.
- ^ a b c d e Riahi, Keywan; van Vuuren, Detlef P.; Kriegler, Elmar; Edmonds, Jae; O’Neill, Brian C.; Fujimori, Shinichiro; Bauer, Nico; Calvin, Katherine; Dellink, Rob; Fricko, Oliver; Lutz, Wolfgang (2017-01-01). "The Shared Socioeconomic Pathways and their energy, land use, and greenhouse gas emissions implications: An overview". Global Environmental Change. 42: 153-168. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.05.009. ISSN 0959-3780.
- ^ van Vuuren, Detlef P.; Stehfest, Elke; Gernaat, David E. H. J.; Doelman, Jonathan C.; van den Berg, Maarten; Harmsen, Mathijs; de Boer, Harmen Sytze; Bouwman, Lex F.; Daioglou, Vassilis; Edelenbosch, Oreane Y.; Girod, Bastien (2017-01-01). "Energy, land-use and greenhouse gas emissions trajectories under a green growth paradigm". Global Environmental Change. 42: 237-250. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.05.008. ISSN 0959-3780.
- ^ Fricko, Oliver; Havlik, Petr; Rogelj, Joeri; Klimont, Zbigniew; Gusti, Mykola; Johnson, Nils; Kolp, Peter; Strubegger, Manfred; Valin, Hugo; Amann, Markus; Ermolieva, Tatiana (2017-01-01). "The marker quantification of the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 2: A middle-of-the-road scenario for the 21st century". Global Environmental Change. 42: 251-267. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.06.004. ISSN 0959-3780.
- ^ Fujimori, Shinichiro; Hasegawa, Tomoko; Masui, Toshihiko; Takahashi, Kiyoshi; Herran, Diego Silva; Dai, Hancheng; Hijioka, Yasuaki; Kainuma, Mikiko (2017-01-01). "SSP3: AIM implementation of Shared Socioeconomic Pathways". Global Environmental Change. 42: 268-283. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.06.009. ISSN 0959-3780.
- ^ Calvin, Katherine; Bond-Lamberty, Ben; Clarke, Leon; Edmonds, James; Eom, Jiyong; Hartin, Corinne; Kim, Sonny; Kyle, Page; Link, Robert; Moss, Richard; McJeon, Haewon (2017-01-01). "The SSP4: A world of deepening inequality". Global Environmental Change. 42: 284-296. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.06.010. ISSN 0959-3780. − Hvis negativ, prøv da evt. 'doi' med denne formatering: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.06.010 eller direkte: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S095937801630084X?via%3Dihub
- ^ Kriegler, Elmar; Bauer, Nico; Popp, Alexander; Humpenöder, Florian; Leimbach, Marian; Strefler, Jessica; Baumstark, Lavinia; Bodirsky, Benjamin Leon; Hilaire, Jérôme; Klein, David; Mouratiadou, Ioanna (2017-01-01). "Fossil-fueled development (SSP5): An energy and resource intensive scenario for the 21st century". Global Environmental Change. 42: 297-315. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.05.015. ISSN 0959-3780. SSP5 : hvis negativ, prøv da denne formatering: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.05.015
Kilder
- "Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs)" (PDF). – Fra "The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe", FN's Økonomiske Kommission for Europa (UNECE)
- Meinshausen, Malte (2019). "Implications of the Developed Scenarios for Climate Change". I Teske, Sven (red.). Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals. Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals: Global and Regional 100% Renewable Energy Scenarios with Non-energy GHG Pathways for +1.5°C and +2°C. Springer International Publishing. s. 459-469. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-05843-2_12. ISBN 9783030058432. – CC BY 4.0
- Hausfather, Zeke (2018-04-19). "Explainer: How 'Shared Socioeconomic Pathways' explore future climate change". Carbon Brief. Hentet 2019-09-13.
- Riahi et al., "The Shared Socioeconomic Pathways and their energy, land use, and greenhouse gas emissions implications: An overview". I: Global Environmental Change, 42, 153-168. – Artiklens doi-link: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.05.009 – Artiklens licens er CC BY 4.0
Se også
Eksterne henvisninger
- Kriegler, E., Edmonds, J., Hallegatte, S. et al. : "A new scenario framework for climate change research: the concept of shared climate policy assumptions". I: Climatic Change (2014) 122: 401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0971-5
- "The shared Socioeconomic Pathways SSPs" fra 'Australian-German Climate & Energy College', University of Melbourne. Fra Youtube.com, april 2018 − Gennemgår konceptet på en time.
- Akronymer til emnet (engelsk) : Climate change acronyms – "Acronym index" fra Realclimate.org – "Glossary of climate change acronyms and terms" fra Unfccc.int, UNFCCC
- "A Framework for the Development of New Socio-economic Scenarios for Climate Change Research" – Volume 122, Issue 3, February 2014, Special Issue – Issue Editors: Nebojsa Nakicenovic, Robert Lempert, Anthony C. Janetos … – ISSN 0165-0009 (Print) 1573-1480 – Online: https://link.springer.com/journal/10584/122/3 – Særnummer med 13 artikler om udviklingen af de nye SSP-scenarier, se også en introduktion fra Washington.edu
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Forfatter/Opretter: Femkemilene, Licens: CC BY-SA 4.0
The five components of the climate system.
The figure is made using Visme, with all photos from unsplash, which has a free to use copyright. Higher quality unfortunately only available with paid version.
Specifically on https://unsplash.com/license: All photos published on Unsplash can be used for free. You can use them for commercial and noncommercial purposes. You do not need to ask permission from or provide credit to the photographer or Unsplash, although it is appreciated when possible.
More precisely, Unsplash grants you an irrevocable, nonexclusive, worldwide copyright license to download, copy, modify, distribute, perform, and use photos from Unsplash for free, including for commercial purposes, without permission from or attributing the photographer or Unsplash. This license does not include the right to compile photos from Unsplash to replicate a similar or competing service.Forfatter/Opretter: Sfdiversity, Licens: CC BY-SA 4.0
Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
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Authors of article listed at Copyright.com
With : "This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC-BY license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ...") –
Schematic illustration of main steps in developing the SSPs, including the narratives, socioeconomic scenario drivers (basic SSP elements), and SSP baseline and mitigation scenarios. (Fig. 1 in article)
Forfatter/Opretter: Sfdiversity, Licens: CC BY-SA 4.0
Atmospheric CO₂ concentrations by SSP across the 21st century (projected by MAGICC6, a simple/reduced complexity climate model)
Forfatter/Opretter: Finn Bjørklid, Licens: CC BY-SA 3.0
Diagram shows how the greenhouse effect works. Norwegian text. Translation of "The green house effect.svg" on Commons
Forfatter/Opretter: Oeneis, translation by Dymetrios, Licens: CC BY-SA 4.0
This figure shows the history of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations as directly measured at Mauna Loa, Hawaii since 1958. This curve is known as the Keeling curve, and is an essential piece of evidence of the man-made increases in greenhouse gases that are believed to be the cause of global warming. The longest such record exists at Mauna Loa, but these measurements have been independently confirmed at many other sites around the world [1]. The annual fluctuation in carbon dioxide is caused by seasonal variations in carbon dioxide uptake by land plants. Since many more forests are concentrated in the Northern Hemisphere, more carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere during Northern Hemisphere summer than Southern Hemisphere summer. This annual cycle is shown in the inset figure by taking the average concentration for each month across all measured years. The red curve shows the average monthly concentrations, and blue curve is a smoothed trend. The carbon dioxide data is measured as the mole fraction in dry air. This dataset constitutes the longest record of direct measurements of CO2 in the atmosphere (data up to december 2018).
Forfatter/Opretter: Robert A. Rohde, Licens: CC BY-SA 3.0
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