Shah
Shah (persisk: شاه) er det persiske ord for konge og anvendtes af de tidligere herskere i Persien (det nuværende Iran) og det Persiske Rige. Ordet har samme etymologi som ordet skak.
Historie
“Shah” var titlen på persiske konger, inklusiv det akhæmenidiske dynasti (557 f.Kr. – 331 f.kr) som samlede Persien og skabte et stort interkontinentalt rige, der varede indtil Alexander den Stores erobring af riget. De akhæmenidske herskeres fulde titel var xšāyaθiya xšāyaθiyānām, "kongernes konge" sammenligneligt med det mellem persiske šāhān šāh, hvilket oversat betyder "kongers konge", og moderne persisk shāhanshāh (شاهنشاه). På oldgræsk blev dette oversat "βασιλεύς τῶν βασιλέων (basileus tōn basiléōn)", "kongernes konge" rangerende på niveau med en kejser. Det indiske modstykke til shahanshah var rajadhiraja eller kshetra-pati (i retning af Padishah). Begge dele blev ofte forkortet til deres grundstamme, shah hhv. basileus. På engelsk kan ordets brug som titel for den persiske konge spores tilbage til 1564 som "shaw" (eller shaugh). Gennem dets arabiske form (også shah) dannede det grundlaget for det vestlige ord skak og skakmat (eng: chess og check som i check mate).
På vestlige sprog bliver begrebet shah ofte brugt som en upræcis gengivelse af shāhanshāh (kongernes konge). Ofte forkortet til shah er det blot et begreb, der dækker over betegnelsen for en iransk monark. Ordet er blevet brugt af de fleste tidligere regenter over de iranske riger, og mange nationaliteter af iransk oprindelse, eller under kulturel indflydelse.
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Forfatter/Opretter: Odejea, Licens: CC BY-SA 3.0
Couronne royale en héraldique allemande
Source : Héraldique Européenne
Painting, portrait of Nadir Shah seated on a carpet, oil on canvas, probably Tehran, 1780s or 1790s
This painting is a portrait of Nadir Shah Afshar, one of the most important figures in Iranian history of the last 300 years. Nadir Shah was a brilliant military commander of humble origins who rose through the ranks due to his talent. He was a key figure in the restoration of order in Iran after the Afghan invasion of his country in 1722. At first, he worked in the name of members of the previous dynasty, the Safavids. In 1736, however, he declared himself Shah, and he ruled with considerable success until his assassination in 1747. He established a large and effective army that had few rivals in Asia. With it he repulsed the Ottomans and Russians from Iranian territory and conducted a successful invasion of the Mughal empire in what is now Pakistan and northern India. He defeated the Mughal army in 1739 and seized the capital, Delhi. Among the loot he acquired was the Mughal emperor's jewels, which are still kept in the Central Bank of Iran in Tehran.
This is one of only two portraits of Nadir Shah in oils that survive, but they both seem to date from the late 18th century, several decades after his death. The Shah is shown wearing weapons and other accoutrements (armbands, belt, hat band etc.) that are jewelled with precious stones understood to be from the Mughal treasure. The carpet on which he sits is also Mughal.
Painting, oil pigments on canvas, portrait of Nadir Shah.
Frame height: 179cm
Frame width: 116.5cm
Weight: 60kg (Rough estimate of weight framed and glazed)
Frame depth: 7.5cm