Selvkup
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Selvkup er en form for statskup, hvor en nations leder, der er kommet til magten på lovlig vis, forsøger at holde sig ved magten med ulovlige midler. Lederen kan opløse eller gøre det nationale parlament magtesløst og ulovligt tiltage sig ekstraordinære beføjelser, som ikke gives under normale omstændigheder. Andre tiltag kan være at annullere landets forfatning, suspendere domstole og at lade regeringschefen få diktatoriske beføjelser.[1][2]
Mellem 1946 og 2022 fandt der anslået 148 selvkupforsøg sted, 110 i autokratier og 38 i demokratier.[3]
Markante begivenheder beskrevet som selvkup
- Romerriget: Julius Cæsar (februar 44 f.v.t. ved erklæringen af Dictator perpetuo)
Sverige: Kong Gustav 3. (19. august 1772)
Frankrig: Præsident Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (2. december 1851)
Bulgarien: Prins Alexander af Battenberg (27. april 1881)
Uruguay: Præsident Juan Lindolfo Cuestas (10. februar 1898)[4]
Nazi-Tyskland: Rigskansler Adolf Hitler (23. marts 1933/2. august 1934)[5]- Uruguay: Præsident Gabriel Terra (31. marts 1933)[6]
Austria: Kansler Engelbert Dollfuß ([1. maj 1933)[7]
Estland: Premierminister Konstantin Päts (12. marts 1934)[8]
Letland: Premierminister Kārlis Ulmanis (15.-16. maj 1934)
Grækenland: Premierminister Ioannis Metaxas (4. august 1936)
Brasilien: Præsident Getúlio Vargas (10. november 1937)
Paraguay: Præsident Higinio Morínigo (30. november 1940)
Rumænien: Kong Mihai 1. (23. august 1944)
Bolivia: Præsident Mamerto Urriolagoitía (16 maj 1951)[9]
Filippinerne: Præsident Ferdinand Marcos (23. september 1972)[10]
Sydkorea: Præsident Park Chung-hee (17. oktober 1972)[11]- Uruguay: Præsident Juan María Bordaberry (27. juni 1973)[1]
Kina: Premierminister Hua Guofeng (6. oktober 1976)
Peru: Præsident Alberto Fujimori (5. april 1992)[12]
Rusland: Præsident Boris Jeltsin (21. september 1993)[13][14][15][16]
Venezuela: Præsident Nicolás Maduro (29. marts 2017)[17]- Peru: Præsident Martín Vizcarra (30. september 2019)[18][19][20]
Malaysia Premierminister Muhyiddin Yassin (29. februar 2020)[21]
Rusland: Præsident Vladimir Putin (4. juli 2020/31. december 1999)[22][23][24]
El Salvador: Præsident Nayib Bukele (1. maj 2021)[25]
Tunesien: Præsident Kais Saied (25. juli 2021)[26][27][28]
Sudan: Formand for Suverænitetsrådet Abdel Fattah al-Burhan (25. oktober 2021)[29]
Markante begivenheder beskrevet som selvkupforsøg
Guatemala: Præsident Jorge Serrano Elías (25. maj – 5. juni 1993)[30]
Indonesien: Præsident Abdurrahman Wahid (1. – 25. juli 2001)[31]- Malaysia: Premierminister Mahathir Mohamad (23. februar – 1. marts 2020)[32]
USA: Præsident Donald Trump (6. januar 2021)[33]- Peru: Præsident Pedro Castillo (7. december 2022)[34]
Israel: Premierminister Benjamin Netanyahu (pågående begivenheder siden han tiltrådte den 29. december 2022)[35][36][37][38][39][40][41]
Referencer
- ^ a b Kaufman, Edy. Uruguay in Transition: From Civilian to Military Rule (engelsk). Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4128-4084-2.
- ^ Tufekci, Zeynep (7. december 2020). "This Must Be Your First". The Atlantic.
In political science, the term coup refers to the illegitimate overthrow of a sitting government—usually through violence or the threat of violence. The technical term for attempting to stay in power illegitimately—such as after losing an election—is self-coup or autocoup, sometimes autogolpe
- ^ Nakamura, David (5. januar 2021). "With brazen assault on election, Trump prompts critics to warn of a coup". The Washington Post. Hentet 5. januar 2021.
- ^ "URUGUAY UNDER A DICTATOR.; Senor Cuestas Executes a Coup d'Etat and Dissolves the Assembly. (Published 1898)". The New York Times. 11. februar 1898.
- ^ "Germany 1933: from democracy to dictatorship". Anne Frank Website. 28. september 2018.
- ^ "The March Revolution in Uruguay 1933". onwar.com.
- ^ Weyland, Kurt (4. februar 2021). Assault on Democracy - Kurt Weyland - Google Книги. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108844338. Hentet 2022-09-14.
- ^ XX sajandi kroonika, I osa. Eesti Entsüklopeediakirjastus. Tallinn, 2002. p. 383
- ^ "The Bolivian Revolution". latinamericanstudies.org.
- ^ "Declaration of Martial Law". Official Gazette. Republic of the Philippines. Arkiveret fra originalen 8. juli 2017. Hentet 18. juni 2016.
- ^ The Military in Politics Library of Congress Country Studies
- ^ Kenney, Charles D. (2004). Fujimori's coup and the breakdown of democracy in Latin America. University of Notre Dame Press. ISBN 0-268-03171-1.
- ^ Kommersant (30. september 2015). Все перевороты XXI века || [All coups of XXI century].
- ^ Landfried, Christine (7. februar 2019). Judicial Power: How Constitutional Courts Affect Political Transformations - Google Книги. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108425667. Hentet 2022-09-14.
- ^ Hastedt, Glenn P.; Knickrehm, Kay M. (2003). International Politics in a Changing World - Glenn P. Hastedt, Kay M. Knickrehm - Google Книги. Longman. ISBN 9780205189939. Hentet 2022-09-14.
- ^ http://politeia.ru/files/articles/rus/Politeia-2000-2(16).pdf
- ^ Casey, Nicholas; Torres, Patricia (30. marts 2017). "Venezuela Muzzles Legislature, Moving Closer to One-Man Rule". The New York Times. Hentet 31. marts 2017.
- ^ "4 claves para entender la crisis política que atraviesa Perú tras la disolución del Congreso (y lo que puede pasar ahora)". BBC News (spansk). Hentet 2023-04-24.
- ^ "Peru military, police back Vizcarra as rebel lawmakers vow loyalty to VP". Reuters (engelsk). 2019-09-30. Hentet 2023-04-24.
- ^ Montes, Juan; Otis, John (2. oktober 2019). "Peruvian Vice President Resigns After Congress Fails to Oust Nation's Leader". The Wall Street Journal (amerikansk engelsk). Hentet 2023-04-24.
- ^ "Malaysia's frustrated 'No. 2' leaders pull off political coup". 22. marts 2020.
- ^ "Инвестклимат в России определяется ФСБ»: Сергей Гуриев о новом правительстве и «конституционном самоперевороте". 6. februar 2020.
- ^ "Putin's Meaningless Coup". 2. august 2020.
- ^ Hill, Fiona (7. september 2021). There Is Nothing for You Here: Finding Opportunity in the Twenty-First Century - Fiona Hill - Google Книги. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 9780358574316. Hentet 2022-09-14.
- ^ Meléndez-Sánchez, Manuel; Levitsky, Steven (20. maj 2021). "El Salvador's President Launched a 'Self-Coup.' Watch for Creeping Corruption and Authoritarianism". The Washington Post (engelsk). Arkiveret fra originalen 6. juni 2021. Hentet 26. april 2023.
- ^ "Saied's Textbook Self-Coup in Tunisia". 2. august 2021.
- ^ Tamburini, Francesco (2022). "'How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Autocracy': Kais Saied's "Constitutional Self-Coup" in Tunisia". Journal of Asian and African Studies. doi:10.1177/00219096221079322. S2CID 246962926.
- ^ "OPINION - Tunisia's dangerous moment: A self-coup".
- ^ "Sudan's self-coup and four factors that will determine what comes next | African Arguments". 27. oktober 2021.
- ^ Barry S. Levitt (2006), "A Desultory Defense of Democracy: OAS Resolution 1080 and the Inter-American Democratic Charter, Latin American Politics and Society, Volume 48, Issue 3, September 2006, Pages: 93–123. pp104-5
- ^ Ingraham, Christopher (22. januar 2021). "Coup attempts usually usher in long stretches of democratic decline, data shows". The Washington Post.
- ^ "Mahathir proposes to lead 'unity government' - sources". Rueters. 25. februar 2020.
- ^ Pion-Berlin, David; Bruneau, Thomas; Goetze, Jr., Richard B. (2022-04-07). "The Trump self-coup attempt: comparisons and civil–military relations". Government and Opposition. FirstView (4): 789-806. doi:10.1017/gov.2022.13. S2CID 248033246.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- Chen, Nick Aspinwall, Alicia (20. december 2022). "Peru's Failed Presidential Coup Sparks Democratic Crisis". Foreign Policy (amerikansk engelsk). Hentet 2023-03-25.
- Villar, Paola (2022-12-07). "Peru's President Pedro Castillo Stages Self-Coup, Announces Dissolution of Congress". Bloomberg Línea (amerikansk engelsk). Hentet 2023-03-25.
- Ioanes, Ellen (2023-01-29). "How years of instability came to a head in Peru". Vox (engelsk). Hentet 2023-03-25.
- Quesada, Juan Diego (2022-12-09). "Inside the coup in Peru: 'President, what have you done?'". EL PAÍS English (amerikansk engelsk). Hentet 2023-03-25.
- "After failed self-coup: Peru's ousted president seeks meeting with rights inspectors". today.rtl.lu (engelsk). Hentet 2023-03-25.
- "High drama in Lima as Peru ousts its president after he attempts self-coup". The Week (engelsk). Hentet 2023-03-25.
- "Peru's new president suggests moving general election forward to April". euronews (engelsk). 2022-12-12. Hentet 2023-03-25.
- ^ Friedman, Thomas L. (14. februar 2023). "Netanyahu's Judicial Coup Could Destroy His Start-Up Nation". The New York Times. Arkiveret fra originalen 19. februar 2023. Hentet 2023-08-01.
- ^ Friedman, Thomas L. (2023-03-28). "Netanyahu Cannot Be Trusted". The New York Times. Arkiveret fra originalen 2023-03-28. Hentet 2023-08-01.
- ^ Kingsley, Patrick (23. juli 2023). "Israel's Identity Hangs in Balance Ahead of Key Vote on New Law". The New York Times. Arkiveret fra originalen 23. juli 2023. Hentet 1. august 2023.
- ^ "A Coup d'État in Israel? : The Bitter Harvest of Colonialism". CrimethInc. (engelsk). 2023-03-27. Hentet 2023-08-01.
- ^ Harari, Yuval Noah (9. marts 2023). "This Is Definitely a Coup. Israel Is on Its Way to Becoming a Dictatorship". Haaretz (engelsk). Arkiveret fra originalen 9. marts 2023. Hentet 2023-08-01.
- ^ Freedland, Jonathan (2023-03-31). "Netanyahu is leading a coup against his own country. But the threat is not only to Israel". The Guardian (britisk engelsk). ISSN 0261-3077. Arkiveret fra originalen 1. april 2023. Hentet 2023-08-01.
- ^ Starr, Michael (8. januar 2023). "30,000 march in Tel Aviv against 'coup d'état' Levin judicial reform". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com (amerikansk engelsk). Arkiveret fra originalen 8. januar 2023. Hentet 2023-08-01.
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