Polyneoptera

Polyneoptera
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Videnskabelig klassifikation
RigeAnimalia (Dyr)
RækkeArthropoda (Leddyr)
KlasseInsecta (Insekter)
UnderklassePterygota
InfraklasseNeoptera
(insekter med vinger, der kan foldes fladt over ryggen)
(urangeret)Polyneoptera
Martynov, 1923[1]
Hjælp til læsning af taksobokse
Vingerne hos en guldsmed. Bagvingens felt ned mod basis (analfeltet) er forstørret sammenlignet med forvingens. Dette kendetegner de fleste vingede medlemmer af Polyneoptera.

Polyneoptera er en af hovedgrupperne af vingede insekter, der omfatter ordenen Orthoptera (græshopper, fårekyllinger osv.) og med denne beslægtede ordener. Gruppens medlemmer udviser store morfologiske forskelle, men et gennemgående træk er, at de har bagvinger med et forstørret analfelt (vannus).[2] Molekylære data baseret på sammenligning af DNA sekvenser har fatslået at Polyneoptera er en monofyletisk gruppe.

Polyneoptera blev tidligere grupperet sammen med Paraneoptera (fx lus og trips) i kladen Hemimetabola eller Exopterygota med den begrundelse, at grupperne har det til fælles, at de ikke har nogen metamorfose, og at vingerne udvikler sig gradvist uden på kroppen hele vejen igennem nymfestadierne.[3]

Taksonomi

Nulevende

Følgende ordener er inkluderet i Polyneoptera:[4]

  • Overorden Haplocercata
    • Orden Zoraptera (zorapterer)
    • Orden Dermaptera (ørentviste)
  • Orden Plecoptera (slørvinger)
  • Orden Orthoptera (græshopper)
  • Overorden Dictyoptera (lægger ægkapsler)
    • Orden Mantodea (knælere)
    • Orden Blattodea (kakerlakker og termitter)
  • Overorden Notoptera (vingeløse Polyneoptera)
  • Overorden Eukinolabia

Fylogeni

Det følgende kladogram er baseret på den molekylære fylogeni af Wipfler et al. 2019: [5]

Polyneoptera
Haplocercata

Zoraptera (zorapterer)



Dermaptera (ørentviste)





Plecoptera (slørvinger)




Orthoptera (græshopper)




Notoptera

Grylloblattodea (gletcherkravlere)



Mantophasmatodea



Eukinolabia

Phasmatodea (vandrende pinde)



Embioptera




Dictyoptera

Mantodea (knælere)



Blattodea (kakerlakker og termitter)







Referencer

  1. ^ Martynov, A. V. (1923). "О двух основных типах крыльев насекомых и их значении для общей классификаци насекомых" [On the two main types of insect wings and their significance for the general classification of insects]. Proceedings of the I All-Russian Congress of Zoologists, Anatomists and Histologists in Petrograd on 15–21 December 1922: 88-89.
  2. ^ Polynoptera. Royal Entomological Society, Hentet 16. marts 2024.
  3. ^ Entomology Endopterygota. Royal Entomological Society. Hentet 29. september 2020.
  4. ^ David Eades. "Polyneoptera". Polyneoptera Species File Online. Version 5.0/5.0. Hentet 8. december 2023.
  5. ^ Wipfler, Benjamin; Letsch, Harald; Frandsen, Paul B.; Kapli, Paschalia; Mayer, Christoph; Bartel, Daniela; Buckley, Thomas R.; Donath, Alexander; Edgerly-Rooks, Janice S.; Fujita, Mari; Liu, Shanlin (februar 2019). "Evolutionary history of Polyneoptera and its implications for our understanding of early winged insects". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (8): 3024-3029. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.3024W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1817794116. PMC 6386694. PMID 30642969.

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Temnopteryx species Zebra Cockroach (white background).jpg
Forfatter/Opretter: JonRichfield, Licens: CC BY-SA 3.0
A species of Zebra cockroach in a chalet in a conservation area.

About 20 km south of Uniondale, South Africa

The genus Temnopteryx includes perhaps less than a dozen species of Zebra cockroaches, harmless, endemic to South Africa, mainly within the fynbos biome. Males with reduced wings, females wingless.
Zorotypus guineensis (white background).jpg
Zorotypus guineensis. Insect order Zoraptera. The main illustration of the type specimen published by F. Sylvestri Bollettino del Laboratorio di zoologia generale e agraria della R. Scuola superiore d'agricoltura in Portici Volume 7 1913 pp. 193-209
Grylloblattidae (white background).jpg
Forfatter/Opretter: Alex Wild, Licens: CC0
One of the world's rarest and least understood insects, a grylloblattid ice crawler (Grylloblatta sp.). Photographed live at night on an ice field, Northern California, USA.
Mantophasma zephyra (white background).jpg
Forfatter/Opretter: P.E. Bragg, Licens: CC BY-SA 3.0
Mantophasma zephyra Zompro et al., 2002. A mantophasmid from Erongoberg, Namibia. It was collected on the first expedition to find living mantophasmids.
Earwig on white background.jpg
Forfatter/Opretter:


fir0002
flagstaffotos [at] gmail.com
Canon 20D + Sigma 150mm f/2.8
, Licens: GFDL 1.2
Common earwig, Forficula auricularia on a white background. Specimen is approx 18mm in length. Taken in Swifts Creek, Victoria in April 2007
The biology of dragonflies (Odonata or Paraneuroptera) (1917) (20195810059).jpg
Forfatter/Opretter: Internet Archive Book Images, Licens: No restrictions

Title: The biology of dragonflies (Odonata or Paraneuroptera)
Identifier: biologyofdragonf00till (find matches)
Year: 1917 (1910s)
Authors: Tillyard, Robin John, 1881-1937
Subjects: Dragon-flies
Publisher: Cambridge (Eng. ) : University Press
Contributing Library: University of California Libraries
Digitizing Sponsor: Internet Archive

View Book Page: Book Viewer
About This Book: Catalog Entry
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Click here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book.

Text Appearing Before Image:
262 CLASSIFICATION (CH. Subfamily 3. Petalurinae (fig. 120). Triangle of forewing slightly elongated transversely, that of hindwing shghtly elongated longitudmally. Subtriangle of forewing large, reticulated; that of hindwing simple. Median space free. Anal loop absent or rudimen- tary. Eyes well separated. Labium with incised median lobe. Female with complete ovipositor. Insects of large size.
Text Appearing After Image:
Fig. 120. Wings of Petalura gigantea Leach, <J, New South Wales. (Hw. 57 mm.) Original. Larva subcylindrical, with short 7-jointed antennae (fig. 43). Mask flat, with thick, shghtly hollowed lateral lobes and short movable hook; no setae; median lobe triangular. Gizzard with eight fields, dentition much reduced. GUIs simplex imdulate. Subfamily 4. Cordulegastrinae (fig. 121). Triangles equal, shghtly elongated; subtriangles incomplete. Median space free. 31 ^ not waved. Eyes nearly or just touching. Labium with incised median lobe. Female with large projecting ovipositor with valves of seg. 9 absent. Larva hairy, with oval abdomen, slender 7-jointed antennae, divergent wing-sheaths (cf. fig. 33). Mask spoon-shaped, with mental and lateral setae; lateral lobes with small movable hook and comphcated dentition. Gizzard with four bilaterally symmetrical fields. Gills simplex undulate. Subfamily 5. Aeschninae. Triangles approximately equal, elongated longitudinally, crossed; sub- triangles weak or absent. Strong compact anal loop formed between A2 and A^. Median space free or crossed. M^ waved. Eyes meeting mid- dorsally for a long distance (except Petaliini). Labium with median lobe shghtly incised, or with a longitudinal depression. Female with complete ovipositor.

Note About Images

Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.
Gryllidae usda.png
Gryllidae (cricket)
Neoperla clymene hor.png
Neoperla clymene, Plecoptera
Polyneoptera.jpg
Forfatter/Opretter: Hirvenkürpa, Licens: CC BY-SA 3.0
Collage about Polyneoptera