Modtagere af Nobelprisen

Nobelpris-diplom

Nobelpriserne (svensk: Nobelpriset, norsk: Nobelprisen) uddeles årligt af Det Kongelige Svenske Videnskabsakademi, det Svenske Akademi, Karolinska Institutet og den Norske Nobelkomite til individer eller organisationer, der gør store bidrag til felterne kemi, fysik, litteratur, fred, fysiologi eller medicin og økonomi.[1] De fem førstnævnte priser er de oprindelige Nobelpriser. De blev indstiftet i Alfred Nobels testamente fra 1895, der dikterer at priserne skal administreres af Nobelstiftelsen. Den nyeste pris, Nobels mindepris i Økonomi, blev indstiftet i 1968 af den svenske centralbank(Sveriges Riksbank) for bidrag inden for det økonomiske felt.[2] Den administreres dog på samme vis og under samme vilkår som de oprindelige fem priser og regnes derfor af Nobelstiftelsen og andre normalt også for en Nobelpris på linje med de øvrige fem.

Priserne uddeles af separate komiteer; Det Kongelige Svenske Videnskabsakademi uddeler priserne i fysik, kemi og økonomi, Karolinska Institutet uddeler prisen i fysiologi eller medicin, mens den Norske Nobelkomité uddeler fredsprisen.[3] Hver prismodtager får en medalje, et diplom og en pengepræmie, der har varieret i størrelse gennem årene.[2] I 1901 modtog modtagerne af de første Nobelpriser 150.782 SEK, hvilket svarer til 7.731.004 SEK i december 2007. I 2015 fik prismodtagerne en præmie på 8.000.000 SEK.[4] Priserne uddeles i Stockholm ved en årlig ceremoni 10. december, årsdagen for Nobels død.[5]

Pr. 2015 har 874 individer og 26 organisationer modtaget Nobelprisen, heriblandt 76 modtagere af Nobelprisen i økonomi.[6] Fire Nobelprismodtagere fik ikke lov til at acceptere deres priser af deres respektive regeringer. Adolf Hitler forbød tre tyskere (Richard Kuhn (kemi, 1938), Adolf Butenandt (kemi, 1939) og Gerhard Domagk (fysiologi eller medicin, 1939)) at acceptere deres nobelpriser, og Sovjetunionens regering pressede Boris Pasternak (litteratur, 1958) til at afslå sin pris. To prismodtagere, Jean-Paul Sartre (litteratur, 1964) and Lê Ðức Thọ (fred, 1973), afslog priserne; Sartre frabad sig prisen da han frabad sig alle officielle anerkendelser, og Lê afslog prisen på grund af situationen i Vietnam på det tidspunkt.

Seks prismodtagere har modtaget mere end én pris; af de seks har Røde Kors modtaget Nobels Fredspris tre gange, flere gange end nogen anden.[7] Blandt de 874 prismodtagere har 49 været kvinder; den første kvinde til at modtage en Nobelpris var Marie Curie, der modtog prisen i fysik i 1903.[8] Hun var også den første person (både mænd og kvinder), der fik to Nobelpriser; den anden var prisen i kemi i 1911. De resterende fire var John Bardeen i fysik 1956 og 1972, Frederick Sanger i kemi 1958 og 1980, Linus Pauling i kemi 1954 og fred 1962 samt FN's Flygtningehøjkommissariat i fred 1954 og 1981.[7]

I årene hvor Nobelprisen ikke uddeles på grund af udefrakommende begivenheder eller mangel på nomineringer, returneres præmiepengene til fonden, der er delegeret til den relevante pris.[9] Nobelprisen blev ikke uddelt mellem 1940 og 1942 på grund af 2. verdenskrigs udbrud.[10]

Prismodtagere

ÅrFysikKemiFysiologi
eller medicin
LitteraturFredØkonomi
1901Röntgen, WilhelmWilhelm RöntgenHoff, Jacobus Henricus van 'tJacobus Henricus van 't Hoffvon Behring, Emil AdolfEmil Adolf von BehringPrudhomme, SullySully PrudhommeDunant, HenryHenry Dunant;Passy, FrédéricFrédéric Passy
1902Lorentz, HendrikHendrik Lorentz;Zeeman, PieterPieter ZeemanFischer, Hermann EmilHermann Emil FischerRoss, RonaldRonald RossMommsen, TheodorTheodor MommsenDucommun, ÉlieÉlie Ducommun;Gobat, Charles AlbertCharles Albert Gobat
1903Becquerel, HenriHenri Becquerel;Curie, PierrePierre Curie;Curie, MarieMarie CurieArrhenius, SvanteSvante ArrheniusFinsen, Niels RybergNiels Ryberg FinsenBjørnson, BjørnstjerneBjørnstjerne BjørnsonCremer, RandalRandal Cremer
1904Rayleigh, The LordThe Lord RayleighRamsay, WilliamWilliam RamsayPavlov, IvanIvan PavlovMistral, FrédéricFrédéric Mistral;Echegaray, JoséJosé EchegarayFolkeretsinstitutet
1905Lenard, PhilippPhilipp LenardBaeyer, Adolf vonAdolf von BaeyerKoch, RobertRobert KochSienkiewicz, HenrykHenryk SienkiewiczSuttner, Bertha vonBertha von Suttner
1906Thomson, J. J.J. J. ThomsonMoissan, HenriHenri MoissanGolgi, CamilloCamillo Golgi;Ramón y Cajal, SantiagoSantiago Ramón y CajalCarducci, GiosuèGiosuè CarducciRoosevelt, TheodoreTheodore Roosevelt
1907Michelson, Albert AbrahamAlbert Abraham MichelsonBuchner, EduardEduard BuchnerLaveran, Charles Louis AlphonseCharles Louis Alphonse LaveranKipling, RudyardRudyard KiplingMoneta, Ernesto TeodoroErnesto Teodoro Moneta;Renault, LouisLouis Renault
1908Lippmann, GabrielGabriel LippmannRutherford, ErnestErnest RutherfordMetchnikoff, ÉlieÉlie Metchnikoff;Ehrlich, PaulPaul EhrlichEucken, Rudolf ChristophRudolf Christoph EuckenArnoldson, Klas PontusKlas Pontus Arnoldson;Bajer, FredrikFredrik Bajer
1909Braun, Karl FerdinandKarl Ferdinand Braun;Marconi, GuglielmoGuglielmo MarconiOstwald, WilhelmWilhelm OstwaldKocher, Emil TheodorEmil Theodor KocherLagerlöf, SelmaSelma LagerlöfBeernaert, Auguste Marie FrançoisAuguste Marie François Beernaert;d'Estournelles de Constant, Paul-Henri-BenjaminPaul-Henri-Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant
1910Waals, Johannes Diderik van derJohannes Diderik van der WaalsWallach, OttoOtto WallachKossel, AlbrechtAlbrecht KosselHeyse, PaulPaul HeyseDet internationale Fredskontor
1911Wien, WilhelmWilhelm WienCurie, MarieMarie CurieGullstrand, AllvarAllvar GullstrandMaeterlinck, MauriceMaurice MaeterlinckAsser, TobiasTobias Asser;Fried, Alfred HermannAlfred Hermann Fried
1912Dalén, GustafGustaf DalénGrignard, VictorVictor Grignard;Sabatier, PaulPaul SabatierCarrel, AlexisAlexis CarrelHauptmann, GerhartGerhart HauptmannRoot, ElihuElihu Root
1913Kamerlingh Onnes, HeikeHeike Kamerlingh OnnesWerner, AlfredAlfred WernerRichet, CharlesCharles RichetTagore, RabindranathRabindranath TagoreLa Fontaine, HenriHenri La Fontaine
1914von Laue, MaxMax von LaueRichards, Theodore WilliamTheodore William RichardsBárány, RobertRobert BárányIngenIngen
1915Bragg, William HenryWilliam Henry Bragg;Bragg, William LawrenceWilliam Lawrence BraggWillstätter, RichardRichard WillstätterIngenRolland, RomainRomain RollandIngen
1916IngenIngenIngenHeidenstam, Verner vonVerner von HeidenstamIngen
1917Barkla, Charles GloverCharles Glover BarklaIngenIngenGjellerup, Karl AdolphKarl Adolph Gjellerup;Pontoppidan, HenrikHenrik PontoppidanRøde Kors
1918Planck, MaxMax PlanckHaber, FritzFritz HaberIngenIngenIngen
1919Stark, JohannesJohannes StarkIngenBordet, JulesJules BordetSpitteler, CarlCarl SpittelerWilson, WoodrowWoodrow Wilson
1920Guillaume, Charles ÉdouardCharles Édouard GuillaumeNernst, WaltherWalther NernstKrogh, AugustAugust KroghHamsun, KnutKnut HamsunBourgeois, LéonLéon Bourgeois
1921Einstein, AlbertAlbert EinsteinSoddy, FrederickFrederick SoddyIngenFrance, AnatoleAnatole FranceBranting, HjalmarHjalmar Branting;Lange, Christian LousChristian Lous Lange
1922Bohr, NielsNiels BohrAston, Francis WilliamFrancis William AstonHill, ArchibaldArchibald Hill;Meyerhof, Otto FritzOtto Fritz MeyerhofBenavente, JacintoJacinto BenaventeNansen, FridtjofFridtjof Nansen
1923Millikan, Robert AndrewsRobert Andrews MillikanPregl, FritzFritz PreglBanting, FrederickFrederick Banting;Macleod, John James RickardJohn James Rickard MacleodYeats, W. B.W. B. YeatsIngen
1924Siegbahn, ManneManne SiegbahnIngenEinthoven, WillemWillem EinthovenReymont, WładysławWładysław ReymontIngen
1925Franck, JamesJames Franck;Hertz, Gustav LudwigGustav Ludwig HertzZsigmondy, Richard AdolfRichard Adolf ZsigmondyIngenShaw, George BernardGeorge Bernard ShawChamberlain, AustenAusten Chamberlain;Dawes, Charles G.Charles G. Dawes
1926Perrin, Jean BaptisteJean Baptiste PerrinSvedberg, TheodorTheodor SvedbergFibiger, JohannesJohannes FibigerDeledda, GraziaGrazia DeleddaBriand, AristideAristide Briand;Stresemann, GustavGustav Stresemann
1927Compton, ArthurArthur Compton;Wilson, Charles Thomson ReesCharles Thomson Rees WilsonWieland, Heinrich OttoHeinrich Otto WielandWagner-Jauregg, JuliusJulius Wagner-JaureggBergson, HenriHenri BergsonBuisson, FerdinandFerdinand Buisson;Quidde, LudwigLudwig Quidde
1928Richardson, Owen WillansOwen Willans RichardsonWindaus, Adolf Otto ReinholdAdolf Otto Reinhold WindausNicolle, CharlesCharles NicolleUndset, SigridSigrid UndsetIngen
1929Broglie, Louis deLouis de BroglieHarden, ArthurArthur Harden;von Euler-Chelpin, HansHans von Euler-ChelpinEijkman, ChristiaanChristiaan Eijkman;Hopkins, Frederick GowlandFrederick Gowland HopkinsMann, ThomasThomas MannKellogg, Frank B.Frank B. Kellogg
1930Raman, C. V.C. V. RamanFischer, HansHans FischerLandsteiner, KarlKarl LandsteinerLewis, SinclairSinclair LewisSöderblom, NathanNathan Söderblom
1931IngenBosch, CarlCarl Bosch;Bergius, FriedrichFriedrich BergiusWarburg, Otto HeinrichOtto Heinrich WarburgKarlfeldt, Erik AxelErik Axel KarlfeldtAddams, JaneJane Addams;Butler, Nicholas MurrayNicholas Murray Butler
1932Heisenberg, WernerWerner HeisenbergLangmuir, IrvingIrving LangmuirSherrington, Charles ScottCharles Scott Sherrington;Adrian, EdgarEdgar AdrianGalsworthy, JohnJohn GalsworthyIngen
1933Schrödinger, ErwinErwin Schrödinger;Dirac, PaulPaul DiracIngenMorgan, Thomas HuntThomas Hunt MorganBunin, IvanIvan BuninAngell, NormanNorman Angell
1934NoneUrey, HaroldHarold UreyWhipple, GeorgeGeorge Whipple;Minot, GeorgeGeorge Minot;Murphy, William P.William P. MurphyPirandello, LuigiLuigi PirandelloHenderson, ArthurArthur Henderson
1935Chadwick, JamesJames ChadwickJoliot-Curie, FrédéricFrédéric Joliot-Curie;Joliot-Curie, IrèneIrène Joliot-CurieSpemann, HansHans SpemannIngenvon Ossietzky, CarlCarl von Ossietzky
1936Hess, Victor FrancisVictor Francis Hess;Anderson, Carl DavidCarl David AndersonDebye, PeterPeter DebyeDale, Henry HallettHenry Hallett Dale;Loewi, OttoOtto LoewiO'Neill, EugeneEugene O'NeillLamas, Carlos SaavedraCarlos Saavedra Lamas
1937Davisson, ClintonClinton Davisson;Thomson, George PagetGeorge Paget ThomsonHaworth, NormanNorman Haworth;Karrer, PaulPaul KarrerSzent-Györgyi, AlbertAlbert Szent-Györgyidu Gard, Roger MartinRoger Martin du GardCecil of Chelwood, The ViscountThe Viscount Cecil of Chelwood
1938Fermi, EnricoEnrico FermiKuhn, RichardRichard Kuhn[A]Heymans, CorneilleCorneille HeymansBuck, Pearl S.Pearl S. BuckDet International Nansenkontor
1939Lawrence, ErnestErnest LawrenceButenandt, AdolfAdolf Butenandt;[A]Ružička, LeopoldLeopold RužičkaDomagk, GerhardGerhard Domagk[A]Sillanpää, Frans EemilFrans Eemil SillanpääIngen
1940IngenIngenIngenIngenIngen
1941IngenIngenIngenIngenIngen
1942IngenIngenIngenIngenIngen
1943Stern, OttoOtto SternHevesy, George deGeorge de HevesyDam, HenrikHenrik Dam;Doisy, Edward AdelbertEdward Adelbert DoisyIngenIngen
1944Rabi, Isidor IsaacIsidor Isaac RabiHahn, OttoOtto HahnErlanger, JosephJoseph Erlanger;Gasser, Herbert SpencerHerbert Spencer GasserJensen, Johannes VilhelmJohannes Vilhelm JensenRøde Kors
1945Pauli, WolfgangWolfgang PauliVirtanen, Artturi IlmariArtturi Ilmari VirtanenFleming, AlexanderAlexander Fleming;Chain, Ernst BorisErnst Boris Chain;Florey, HowardHoward FloreyMistral, GabrielaGabriela MistralHull, CordellCordell Hull
1946Bridgman, Percy WilliamsPercy Williams BridgmanSumner, James B.James B. Sumner;Northrop, John HowardJohn Howard Northrop;Stanley, Wendell MeredithWendell Meredith StanleyMuller, Hermann JosephHermann Joseph MullerHesse, HermannHermann HesseBalch, Emily GreeneEmily Greene Balch;Mott, JohnJohn Mott
1947Appleton, Edward VictorEdward Victor AppletonRobinson, RobertRobert RobinsonCori, Carl FerdinandCarl Ferdinand Cori;Cori, GertyGerty Cori;Houssay, BernardoBernardo HoussayGide, AndréAndré GideFriends Service Council;American Friends Service Committee
1948Blackett, PatrickPatrick BlackettTiselius, ArneArne TiseliusMüller, Paul HermannPaul Hermann MüllerEliot, T. S.T. S. EliotIngen[B]
1949Yukawa, HidekiHideki YukawaGiauque, WilliamWilliam GiauqueHess, Walter RudolfWalter Rudolf Hess;Moniz, António EgasAntónio Egas MonizFaulkner, WilliamWilliam FaulknerBoyd Orr, JohnJohn Boyd Orr
1950Powell, C. F.C. F. PowellDiels, OttoOtto Diels;Alder, KurtKurt AlderHench, Philip ShowalterPhilip Showalter Hench;Kendall, Edward CalvinEdward Calvin Kendall;Reichstein, TadeusTadeus ReichsteinRussell, The EarlThe Earl RussellBunche, RalphRalph Bunche
1951Cockcroft, JohnJohn Cockcroft;Walton, ErnestErnest WaltonMcMillan, EdwinEdwin McMillan;Seaborg, Glenn T.Glenn T. SeaborgTheiler, MaxMax TheilerLagerkvist, PärPär LagerkvistJouhaux, LéonLéon Jouhaux
1952Bloch, FelixFelix Bloch;Purcell, Edward MillsEdward Mills PurcellMartin, Archer John PorterArcher John Porter Martin;Synge, Richard Laurence MillingtonRichard Laurence Millington SyngeWaksman, SelmanSelman WaksmanMauriac, FrançoisFrançois MauriacSchweitzer, AlbertAlbert Schweitzer
1953Zernike, FritsFrits ZernikeStaudinger, HermannHermann StaudingerKrebs, Hans AdolfHans Adolf Krebs;Lipmann, Fritz AlbertFritz Albert LipmannChurchill, WinstonWinston ChurchillMarshall, GeorgeGeorge Marshall
1954Born, MaxMax Born;Bothe, WaltherWalther BothePauling, LinusLinus PaulingEnders, John FranklinJohn Franklin Enders;Robbins, Frederick ChapmanFrederick Chapman Robbins;Weller, Thomas HuckleThomas Huckle WellerHemingway, ErnestErnest HemingwayFN's Flygtningehøjkommissariat
1955Lamb, WillisWillis Lamb;Kusch, PolykarpPolykarp Kuschdu Vigneaud, VincentVincent du VigneaudTheorell, HugoHugo TheorellLaxness, HalldórHalldór LaxnessIngen
1956Bardeen, JohnJohn Bardeen;Brattain, Walter HouserWalter Houser Brattain;Shockley, WilliamWilliam ShockleyHinshelwood, Cyril NormanCyril Norman Hinshelwood;Semyonov, NikolayNikolay SemyonovCournand, André FrédéricAndré Frédéric Cournand;Forssmann, WernerWerner Forssmann;Richards, Dickinson W.Dickinson W. RichardsJiménez, Juan RamónJuan Ramón JiménezIngen
1957Yang, Chen NingChen Ning Yang;Lee, Tsung-DaoTsung-Dao LeeTodd, The LordThe Lord ToddBovet, DanielDaniel BovetCamus, AlbertAlbert CamusPearson, Lester B.Lester B. Pearson
1958Tjerenkov, PavelPavel Tjerenkov;Frank, Ilja M.Ilja M. Frank;Tamm, IgorIgor TammSanger, FrederickFrederick SangerBeadle, George WellsGeorge Wells Beadle;Tatum, Edward LawrieEdward Lawrie Tatum;Lederberg, JoshuaJoshua LederbergPasternak, BorisBoris Pasternak[C]Pire, DominiqueDominique Pire
1959Segrè, Emilio G.Emilio G. Segrè;Chamberlain, OwenOwen ChamberlainHeyrovský, JaroslavJaroslav HeyrovskýKornberg, ArthurArthur Kornberg;Ochoa, SeveroSevero OchoaQuasimodo, SalvatoreSalvatore QuasimodoNoel-Baker, PhilipPhilip Noel-Baker
1960Glaser, Donald A.Donald A. GlaserLibby, WillardWillard LibbyBurnet, Frank MacfarlaneFrank Macfarlane Burnet;Medawar, PeterPeter MedawarPerse, Saint-JohnSaint-John PerseLutuli, AlbertAlbert Lutuli
1961Hofstadter, RobertRobert Hofstadter;Mössbauer, RudolfRudolf MössbauerCalvin, MelvinMelvin Calvinvon Békésy, GeorgGeorg von BékésyAndrić, IvoIvo AndrićHammarskjöld, DagDag Hammarskjöld
1962Landau, LevLev LandauPerutz, MaxMax Perutz;Kendrew, JohnJohn KendrewCrick, FrancisFrancis Crick;Watson, James D.James D. Watson;Wilkins, MauriceMaurice WilkinsSteinbeck, JohnJohn SteinbeckPauling, LinusLinus Pauling
1963Wigner, EugeneEugene Wigner;Goeppert-Mayer, MariaMaria Goeppert-Mayer;Jensen, J. Hans D.J. Hans D. JensenZiegler, KarlKarl Ziegler;Natta, GiulioGiulio NattaEccles, JohnJohn Eccles;Hodgkin, Alan LloydAlan Lloyd Hodgkin;Huxley, AndrewAndrew HuxleySeferis, GiorgosGiorgos SeferisRøde Kors;Det Internationale Forbund af Røde Kors- og Røde Halvmåneforeninger
1964Townes, Charles HardCharles Hard Townes;Basov, NikolayNikolay Basov;Prokhorov, AlexanderAlexander ProkhorovHodgkin, DorothyDorothy HodgkinBloch, Konrad EmilKonrad Emil Bloch;Lynen, Feodor Felix KonradFeodor Felix Konrad LynenSartre, Jean-PaulJean-Paul Sartre[D]King, Jr., Martin LutherMartin Luther King, Jr.
1965Tomonaga, Sin-ItiroSin-Itiro Tomonaga;Schwinger, JulianJulian Schwinger;Feynman, RichardRichard FeynmanWoodward, Robert BurnsRobert Burns WoodwardJacob, FrançoisFrançois Jacob;Lwoff, André MichelAndré Michel Lwoff;Monod, JacquesJacques MonodSholokhov, MikhailMikhail SholokhovUNICEF
1966Kastler, AlfredAlfred KastlerMulliken, Robert S.Robert S. MullikenRous, Francis PeytonFrancis Peyton Rous;Huggins, Charles BrentonCharles Brenton HugginsShmuel Josef Agnon;Sachs, NellyNelly SachsIngen
1967Bethe, HansHans BetheEigen, ManfredManfred Eigen;Norrish, Ronald George WreyfordRonald George Wreyford Norrish;Porter, GeorgeGeorge PorterGranit, RagnarRagnar Granit;Hartline, Haldan KefferHaldan Keffer Hartline;Wald, GeorgeGeorge WaldAsturias, Miguel ÁngelMiguel Ángel AsturiasIngen
1968Alvarez, Luis WalterLuis Walter AlvarezOnsager, LarsLars OnsagerHolley, Robert W.Robert W. Holley;Khorana, Har GobindHar Gobind Khorana;Nirenberg, Marshall WarrenMarshall Warren NirenbergKawabata, YasunariYasunari KawabataCassin, RenéRené Cassin
1969Gell-Mann, MurrayMurray Gell-MannBarton, DerekDerek Barton;Hassel, OddOdd HasselDelbrück, MaxMax Delbrück;Hershey, AlfredAlfred Hershey;Luria, SalvadorSalvador LuriaBeckett, SamuelSamuel BeckettInternational Labour OrganizationFrisch, RagnarRagnar Frisch;Tinbergen, JanJan Tinbergen
1970Alfvén, HannesHannes Alfvén;Néel, LouisLouis NéelLeloir, Luis FedericoLuis Federico LeloirAxelrod, JuliusJulius Axelrod;von Euler, UlfUlf von Euler;Katz, BernardBernard KatzSolzhenitsyn, AleksandrAleksandr SolzhenitsynBorlaug, NormanNorman BorlaugSamuelson, PaulPaul Samuelson
1971Gabor, DennisDennis GaborHerzberg, GerhardGerhard HerzbergSutherland, Jr., Earl WilburEarl Wilbur Sutherland, Jr.Neruda, PabloPablo NerudaBrandt, WillyWilly BrandtKuznets, SimonSimon Kuznets
1972Bardeen, JohnJohn Bardeen;Cooper, LeonLeon Cooper;Schrieffer, John RobertJohn Robert SchriefferAnfinsen, Christian B.Christian B. Anfinsen;Moore, StanfordStanford Moore;Stein, William HowardWilliam Howard SteinEdelman, GeraldGerald Edelman;Porter, Rodney RobertRodney Robert PorterBöll, HeinrichHeinrich BöllIngenHicks, JohnJohn Hicks;Arrow, KennethKenneth Arrow
1973Esaki, LeoLeo Esaki;Giaever, IvarIvar Giaever;Josephson, Brian DavidBrian David JosephsonFischer, Ernst OttoErnst Otto Fischer;Wilkinson, GeoffreyGeoffrey Wilkinsonvon Frisch, KarlKarl von Frisch;Lorenz, KonradKonrad Lorenz;Tinbergen, NikolaasNikolaas TinbergenWhite, PatrickPatrick WhiteKissinger, HenryHenry Kissinger;Duc Tho, LeLe Duc Tho[E]Leontief, WassilyWassily Leontief
1974Ryle, MartinMartin Ryle;Hewish, AntonyAntony HewishFlory, PaulPaul FloryClaude, AlbertAlbert Claude;de Duve, ChristianChristian de Duve;Palade, George EmilGeorge Emil PaladeJohnson, EyvindEyvind Johnson;Martinson, HarryHarry MartinsonMacBride, SeánSeán MacBride;Sato, EisakuEisaku SatoMyrdal, GunnarGunnar Myrdal;Hayek, FriedrichFriedrich Hayek
1975Bohr, AageAage Bohr;Mottelson, Ben RoyBen Roy Mottelson;Rainwater, JamesJames RainwaterCornforth, JohnJohn Cornforth;Prelog, VladimirVladimir PrelogBaltimore, DavidDavid Baltimore;Dulbecco, RenatoRenato Dulbecco;Temin, Howard MartinHoward Martin TeminMontale, EugenioEugenio MontaleSakharov, AndreiAndrei SakharovKantorovich, LeonidLeonid Kantorovich;Koopmans, TjallingTjalling Koopmans
1976Richter, BurtonBurton Richter;Ting, Samuel C.C.Samuel C.C. TingLipscomb, WilliamWilliam LipscombBlumberg, Baruch SamuelBaruch Samuel Blumberg;Gajdusek, Daniel CarletonDaniel Carleton GajdusekBellow, SaulSaul BellowWilliams, BettyBetty Williams;Maguire, MaireadMairead MaguireFriedman, MiltonMilton Friedman
1977Anderson, Philip WarrenPhilip Warren Anderson;Mott, Nevill FrancisNevill Francis Mott;Van Vleck, John HasbrouckJohn Hasbrouck Van VleckPrigogine, IlyaIlya PrigogineGuillemin, RogerRoger Guillemin;Schally, AndrewAndrew Schally;Yalow, Rosalyn SussmanRosalyn Sussman YalowAleixandre, VicenteVicente AleixandreAmnesty InternationalOhlin, BertilBertil Ohlin;Meade, JamesJames Meade
1978Kapitsa , Pjotr L.Pjotr L. Kapitsa ;Penzias, Arno AllanArno Allan Penzias;Wilson, Robert WoodrowRobert Woodrow WilsonMitchell, Peter D.Peter D. MitchellArber, WernerWerner Arber;Nathans, DanielDaniel Nathans;Smith, Hamilton O.Hamilton O. SmithSinger, Isaac BashevisIsaac Bashevis SingerSadat, AnwarAnwar Sadat;Begin, MenachemMenachem BeginSimon, HerbertHerbert Simon
1979Glashow, Sheldon LeeSheldon Lee Glashow;Salam, AbdusAbdus Salam;Weinberg, StevenSteven WeinbergBrown, Herbert C.Herbert C. Brown;Wittig, GeorgGeorg WittigCormack, Allan McLeodAllan McLeod Cormack;Hounsfield, GodfreyGodfrey HounsfieldElytis, OdysseasOdysseas ElytisTeresa, MotherMother TeresaSchultz, TheodoreTheodore Schultz;Lewis, ArthurArthur Lewis
1980Cronin, JamesJames Cronin;Fitch, Val LogsdonVal Logsdon FitchBerg, PaulPaul Berg;Gilbert, WalterWalter Gilbert;Sanger, FrederickFrederick SangerBenacerraf, BarujBaruj Benacerraf;Dausset, JeanJean Dausset;Snell, George DavisGeorge Davis SnellMiłosz, CzesławCzesław MiłoszEsquivel, Adolfo PérezAdolfo Pérez EsquivelKlein, LawrenceLawrence Klein
1981Bloembergen, NicolaasNicolaas Bloembergen;Schawlow, Arthur LeonardArthur Leonard Schawlow;Siegbahn, KaiKai SiegbahnFukui, KenichiKenichi Fukui;Hoffmann, RoaldRoald HoffmannSperry, Roger WolcottRoger Wolcott Sperry;Hubel, David H.David H. Hubel;Wiesel, TorstenTorsten WieselCanetti, EliasElias CanettiFN's FlygtningehøjkommissariatTobin, JamesJames Tobin
1982Wilson, Kenneth G.Kenneth G. WilsonKlug, AaronAaron KlugBergström, SuneSune Bergström;Samuelsson, Bengt I.Bengt I. Samuelsson;Vane, JohnJohn VaneMárquez, Gabriel GarcíaGabriel García MárquezMyrdal, AlvaAlva Myrdal;Robles, Alfonso GarcíaAlfonso García RoblesStigler, GeorgeGeorge Stigler
1983Chandrasekhar, SubrahmanyanSubrahmanyan Chandrasekhar;Fowler, William AlfredWilliam Alfred FowlerTaube, HenryHenry TaubeMcClintock, BarbaraBarbara McClintockGolding, WilliamWilliam GoldingWałęsa, LechLech WałęsaDebreu, GérardGérard Debreu
1984Rubbia, CarloCarlo Rubbia;van der Meer, SimonSimon van der MeerMerrifield, Robert BruceRobert Bruce MerrifieldJerne, Niels KajNiels Kaj Jerne;Köhler, Georges J. F.Georges J. F. Köhler;Milstein, CésarCésar MilsteinSeifert, JaroslavJaroslav SeifertTutu, DesmondDesmond TutuStone, RichardRichard Stone
1985von Klitzing, KlausKlaus von KlitzingHauptman, Herbert A.Herbert A. Hauptman;Karle, JeromeJerome KarleBrown, Michael StuartMichael Stuart Brown;Goldstein, Joseph L.Joseph L. GoldsteinSimon, ClaudeClaude SimonDen Internationale Lægeforening mod AtomkrigModigliani, FrancoFranco Modigliani
1986Ruska, ErnstErnst Ruska;Binnig, GerdGerd Binnig;Rohrer, HeinrichHeinrich RohrerHerschbach, Dudley R.Dudley R. Herschbach;Lee, Yuan T.Yuan T. Lee;Polanyi, JohnJohn PolanyiCohen, StanleyStanley Cohen;Levi-Montalcini, RitaRita Levi-MontalciniSoyinka, WoleWole SoyinkaWiesel, ElieElie WieselBuchanan, James M.James M. Buchanan
1987Bednorz, Johannes GeorgJohannes Georg Bednorz;Müller, Karl AlexanderKarl Alexander MüllerCram, Donald J.Donald J. Cram;Lehn, Jean-MarieJean-Marie Lehn;Pedersen, Charles J.Charles J. PedersenTonegawa, SusumuSusumu TonegawaBrodsky, JosephJoseph BrodskyArias, ÓscarÓscar AriasSolow, RobertRobert Solow
1988Lederman, Leon M.Leon M. Lederman;Schwartz, MelvinMelvin Schwartz;Steinberger, JackJack SteinbergerDeisenhofer, JohannJohann Deisenhofer;Huber, RobertRobert Huber;Michel, HartmutHartmut MichelBlack, James W.James W. Black;Elion, Gertrude B.Gertrude B. Elion;Hitchings, George H.George H. HitchingsMahfouz, NaguibNaguib MahfouzFN's fredsbevarende styrkerAllais, MauriceMaurice Allais
1989Ramsey, Jr., Norman FosterNorman Foster Ramsey, Jr.;Dehmelt, Hans GeorgHans Georg Dehmelt;Paul, WolfgangWolfgang PaulAltman, SidneySidney Altman;Cech, ThomasThomas CechBishop, J. MichaelJ. Michael Bishop;Varmus, Harold E.Harold E. VarmusCela, Camilo JoséCamilo José CelaGyatso, TenzinTenzin GyatsoHaavelmo, TrygveTrygve Haavelmo
1990Friedman, Jerome IsaacJerome Isaac Friedman;Kendall, Henry WayHenry Way Kendall;Taylor, Richard E.Richard E. TaylorCorey, Elias JamesElias James CoreyMurray, JosephJoseph Murray;Thomas, E. DonnallE. Donnall ThomasPaz, OctavioOctavio PazGorbatjov, MikhailMikhail GorbatjovMarkowitz, HarryHarry Markowitz;Miller, MertonMerton Miller;Sharpe, William ForsythWilliam Forsyth Sharpe
1991Gennes, Pierre-Gilles dePierre-Gilles de GennesErnst, Richard R.Richard R. ErnstNeher, ErwinErwin Neher;Sakmann, BertBert SakmannGordimer, NadineNadine GordimerSuu Kyi, Aung SanAung San Suu KyiCoase, RonaldRonald Coase
1992Charpak, GeorgesGeorges CharpakMarcus, Rudolph A.Rudolph A. MarcusFischer, Edmond H.Edmond H. Fischer;Krebs, Edwin G.Edwin G. KrebsWalcott, DerekDerek WalcottMenchú, RigobertaRigoberta MenchúBecker, GaryGary Becker
1993Hulse, Russell AlanRussell Alan Hulse;Taylor Jr., Joseph HootonJoseph Hooton Taylor Jr.Mullis, KaryKary Mullis;Smith, MichaelMichael SmithRoberts, Richard J.Richard J. Roberts;Sharp, Phillip AllenPhillip Allen SharpMorrison, ToniToni MorrisonMandela, NelsonNelson Mandela;de Klerk, F.W.F.W. de KlerkFogel, RobertRobert Fogel;North, DouglassDouglass North
1994Brockhouse, BertramBertram Brockhouse;Shull, CliffordClifford ShullOlah, George AndrewGeorge Andrew OlahGilman, Alfred G.Alfred G. Gilman;Rodbell, MartinMartin RodbellOe, KenzaburoKenzaburo OeArafat, YasserYasser Arafat;Peres, ShimonShimon Peres;Rabin, YitzhakYitzhak RabinHarsanyi, JohnJohn Harsanyi;Nash Jr., John ForbesJohn Forbes Nash Jr.;Selten, ReinhardReinhard Selten
1995Perl, Martin LewisMartin Lewis Perl;Reines, FrederickFrederick ReinesCrutzen, Paul J.Paul J. Crutzen;Molina, Mario J.Mario J. Molina;Rowland, Frank SherwoodFrank Sherwood RowlandLewis, Edward B.Edward B. Lewis;Nüsslein-Volhard, ChristianeChristiane Nüsslein-Volhard;Wieschaus, Eric F.Eric F. WieschausHeaney, SeamusSeamus HeaneyRotblat, JosephJoseph Rotblat;Pugwash-bevægelsenLucas, Jr., RobertRobert Lucas, Jr.
1996Lee, DavidDavid Lee;Osheroff, DouglasDouglas Osheroff;Richardson, Robert ColemanRobert Coleman RichardsonCurl Jr., Robert F.Robert F. Curl Jr.;Kroto, HarryHarry Kroto;Smalley, RichardRichard SmalleyDoherty, Peter C.Peter C. Doherty;Zinkernagel, Rolf M.Rolf M. ZinkernagelSzymborska, WisławaWisława SzymborskaBelo, Carlos Filipe XimenesCarlos Filipe Ximenes Belo;Ramos-Horta, JoséJosé Ramos-HortaMirrlees, JamesJames Mirrlees;Vickrey, WilliamWilliam Vickrey
1997Chu, StevenSteven Chu;Cohen-Tannoudji, ClaudeClaude Cohen-Tannoudji;Phillips, William DanielWilliam Daniel PhillipsBoyer, Paul D.Paul D. Boyer;Walker, John E.John E. Walker;Skou, Jens ChristianJens Christian SkouPrusiner, Stanley B.Stanley B. PrusinerFo, DarioDario FoDen Internationale Kampagne mod Landminer;Williams, JodyJody WilliamsMerton, Robert C.Robert C. Merton;Scholes, MyronMyron Scholes
1998Laughlin, Robert B.Robert B. Laughlin;Störmer, Horst LudwigHorst Ludwig Störmer;Tsui, Daniel C.Daniel C. TsuiKohn, WalterWalter Kohn;Pople, JohnJohn PopleFurchgott, Robert F.Robert F. Furchgott;Ignarro, LouisLouis Ignarro;Murad, FeridFerid MuradSaramago, JoséJosé SaramagoHume, JohnJohn Hume;Trimble, DavidDavid TrimbleSen, AmartyaAmartya Sen
1999Hooft, Gerard 'tGerard 't Hooft;Veltman, Martinus J.G.Martinus J.G. VeltmanZewail, AhmedAhmed ZewailBlobel, GünterGünter BlobelGrass, GünterGünter GrassMédecins Sans FrontièresMundell, RobertRobert Mundell
2000Alferov, ZhoresZhores Alferov;Kroemer, HerbertHerbert Kroemer;Kilby, JackJack KilbyHeeger, Alan J.Alan J. Heeger;MacDiarmid, AlanAlan MacDiarmid;Shirakawa, HidekiHideki ShirakawaCarlsson, ArvidArvid Carlsson;Greengard, PaulPaul Greengard;Kandel, EricEric KandelXingjian, GaoGao XingjianDae-jung, KimKim Dae-jungHeckman, JamesJames Heckman;McFadden, DanielDaniel McFadden
2001Cornell, Eric AllinEric Allin Cornell;Ketterle, WolfgangWolfgang Ketterle;Wieman, CarlCarl WiemanKnowles, William StandishWilliam Standish Knowles; Noyori, RyojiRyoji Noyori; Sharpless, Karl BarryKarl Barry SharplessHartwell, Leland H.Leland H. Hartwell;Hunt, TimTim Hunt;Nurse, PaulPaul NurseNaipaul, V. S.V. S. NaipaulFN;Annan, KofiKofi AnnanAkerlof, GeorgeGeorge Akerlof;Spence, MichaelMichael Spence;Stiglitz, JosephJoseph Stiglitz
2002Davis Jr., RaymondRaymond Davis Jr.;Koshiba, MasatoshiMasatoshi Koshiba;Giacconi, RiccardoRiccardo GiacconiFenn, JohnJohn Fenn;Tanaka, KoichiKoichi Tanaka;Wüthrich, KurtKurt WüthrichBrenner, SydneySydney Brenner;Horvitz, H. RobertH. Robert Horvitz;Sulston, JohnJohn SulstonKertész, ImreImre KertészCarter, JimmyJimmy CarterKahneman, DanielDaniel Kahneman;Smith, Vernon L.Vernon L. Smith
2003Abrikosov, Aleksej A.Aleksej A. Abrikosov;Ginsburg, VitalijVitalij Ginsburg;Leggett, AnthonyAnthony LeggettAgre, PeterPeter Agre;MacKinnon, RoderickRoderick MacKinnonLauterbur, PaulPaul Lauterbur;Mansfield, PeterPeter MansfieldCoetzee, J.M.J.M. CoetzeeEbadi, ShirinShirin EbadiEngle, Robert F.Robert F. Engle;Granger, CliveClive Granger
2004Gross, DavidDavid Gross;Politzer, Hugh DavidHugh David Politzer;Wilczek, FrankFrank WilczekCiechanover, AaronAaron Ciechanover;Hershko, AvramAvram Hershko;Rose, IrwinIrwin RoseAxel, RichardRichard Axel;Buck, Linda B.Linda B. BuckJelinek, ElfriedeElfriede JelinekMaathai, WangariWangari MaathaiKydland, Finn E.Finn E. Kydland;Prescott, Edward C.Edward C. Prescott
2005Glauber, Roy J.Roy J. Glauber;Hall, John L.John L. Hall;Hänsch, Theodor W.Theodor W. HänschChauvin, YvesYves Chauvin;Grubbs, Robert H.Robert H. Grubbs;Schrock, Richard R.Richard R. SchrockMarshall, BarryBarry Marshall;Warren, RobinRobin WarrenPinter, HaroldHarold PinterDet Internationale Atomenergiagentur;ElBaradei, MohamedMohamed ElBaradeiAumann, RobertRobert Aumann;Schelling, ThomasThomas Schelling
2006Mather, John C.John C. Mather;Smoot, GeorgeGeorge SmootKornberg, Roger D.Roger D. KornbergFire, AndrewAndrew Fire;Mello, CraigCraig MelloPamuk, OrhanOrhan PamukYunus, MuhammadMuhammad Yunus;Grameen BankPhelps, EdmundEdmund Phelps
2007Fert, AlbertAlbert Fert;Grünberg, PeterPeter GrünbergErtl, GerhardGerhard ErtlCapecchi, MarioMario Capecchi;Evans, MartinMartin Evans;Smithies, OliverOliver SmithiesLessing, DorisDoris LessingFN's klimapanel;Gore, AlAl GoreHurwicz, LeonidLeonid Hurwicz;
Maskin, EricEric Maskin;
Myerson, RogerRoger Myerson
2008Nambu, YoichiroYoichiro Nambu;Kobayashi, MakotoMakoto Kobayashi;Maskawa, ToshihideToshihide MaskawaShimomura, OsamuOsamu Shimomura;Chalfie, MartinMartin Chalfie;Tsien, Roger Y.Roger Y. Tsienzur Hausen, HaraldHarald zur Hausen;Barré-Sinoussi, FrançoiseFrançoise Barré-Sinoussi;Montagnier, LucLuc MontagnierJean-Marie Gustave Le ClézioAhtisaari, MarttiMartti AhtisaariKrugman, PaulPaul Krugman
2009Kao, Charles K.Charles K. Kao;Boyle, Willard S.Willard S. Boyle;Smith, George E.George E. SmithRamakrishnan, VenkatramanVenkatraman Ramakrishnan;Steitz, Thomas A.Thomas A. Steitz;Yonath, AdaAda YonathBlackburn, ElizabethElizabeth Blackburn;Greider, Carol W.Carol W. Greider;Szostak, Jack W.Jack W. SzostakMüller, HertaHerta MüllerObama, BarackBarack ObamaOstrom, ElinorElinor Ostrom;
Williamson, OliverOliver Williamson
2010Geim, AndreAndre Geim;Novoselov, KonstantinKonstantin NovoselovHeck, RichardRichard Heck;

Negishi, Ei-ichiEi-ichi Negishi;

Suzuki, AkiraAkira Suzuki

Edwards, Robert G.Robert G. EdwardsVargas Llosa, MarioMario Vargas LlosaXiaobo, LiuLiu Xiaobo[F]Diamond, Peter A.Peter A. Diamond;
Mortensen, Dale T.Dale T. Mortensen;
Pissarides, Christopher A.Christopher A. Pissarides
2011Perlmutter, SaulSaul Perlmutter;Riess, Adam G.Adam G. Riess;Schmidt, BrianBrian SchmidtShechtman, DanDan ShechtmanBeutler, BruceBruce Beutler;Hoffmann, Jules A.Jules A. Hoffmann;Steinman, Ralph M.Ralph M. SteinmanTranströmer, TomasTomas TranströmerSirleaf, Ellen JohnsonEllen Johnson Sirleaf;Gbowee, LeymahLeymah Gbowee;Karman, TawakelTawakel KarmanSargent, Thomas J.Thomas J. Sargent;
Sims, Christopher A.Christopher A. Sims
2012Haroche, SergeSerge Haroche;Wineland, David J.David J. WinelandLefkowitz, Robert J.Robert J. Lefkowitz;Kobilka, Brian K.Brian K. KobilkaGurdon, John B.John B. Gurdon; Yamanaka, ShinyaShinya YamanakaYan, MoMo YanDen Europæiske UnionRoth, Alvin E.Alvin E. Roth;
Shapley, LloydLloyd Shapley
2013Englert, FrançoisFrançois Englert;
Higgs, PeterPeter Higgs
Karplus, MartinMartin Karplus;
Levitt, MichaelMichael Levitt;
Warshel, AriehArieh Warshel
Rothman, JamesJames Rothman;
Schekman, RandyRandy Schekman;
Südhof, ThomasThomas Südhof
Munro, AliceAlice MunroOrganisationen for forbud mod kemiske våbenFama, EugeneEugene Fama;
Hansen, Lars PeterLars Peter Hansen;
Shiller, Robert J.Robert J. Shiller
2014Akasaki, IsamuIsamu Akasaki;
Amano, HiroshiHiroshi Amano;
Nakamura, ShujiShuji Nakamura
Betzig, EricEric Betzig;
Hell, StefanStefan Hell;
Moerner, WilliamWilliam Moerner
O'Keefe, JohnJohn O'Keefe;
Moser, May-BrittMay-Britt Moser;
Moser, EdvardEdvard Moser
Modiano, PatrickPatrick ModianoYousafzai, MalalaMalala Yousafzai;
Satyarthi, KailashKailash Satyarthi
Tirole, JeanJean Tirole
2015Kajita, TakaakiTakaaki Kajita;
McDonald, ArthurArthur McDonald
Lindahl, TomasTomas Lindahl;
Modrich, PaulPaul Modrich;
Sancar, AzizAziz Sancar
Campbell, William C.William C. Campbell;
Ōmura, SatoshiSatoshi Ōmura;
Youyou, TuTu Youyou
Aljeksijevitsj, SvjatlanaSvjatlana AljeksijevitsjDen tunesiske kvartet for national dialogDeaton, AngusAngus Deaton
2016J. Thouless, DavidDavid J. Thouless;
Haldane, DuncanDuncan Haldane;
Kosterlitz, John M.John M. Kosterlitz
Sauvage, Jean-PierreJean-Pierre Sauvage;
Stoddart, FraserFraser Stoddart;
Feringa, BenBen Feringa
Ohsumi, YoshinoriYoshinori OhsumiDylan, BobBob DylanSantos, Juan ManuelJuan Manuel SantosHart, OliverOliver Hart;
Holmström, Bengt R.Bengt R. Holmström
2017Rainer Weiss;

Barry Barish;
Kip Thorne

Jacques Dubochet;

Joachim Frank; Richard Henderson

Jeffrey C. Hall;

Michael Rosbash; Michael W. Young

Kazuo IshiguroICAN (International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons)Richard Thaler
2018Arthur Ashkin;
Gérard Mourou;
Donna Strickland
Frances H. Arnold;
George P. Smith;
Gregory P. Winter
James P. Allison;
Tasuku Honjo
Olga TokarczukNadia Murad;
Denis Mukwege
William Nordhaus;
Paul Romer
2019James Peebles;
Michel Mayor;
Didier Queloz
John B. Goodenough;
M. Stanley Whittingham;
Akira Yoshino
William G. Kaelin Jr.;
Peter J. Ratcliffe ;
Gregg L. Semenza
Peter HandkeAbiy AhmedAbhijit Banerjee;
Esther Duflo;
Michael Kremer
ÅrFysikKemiFysiologi
eller medicin
LitteraturFredØkonomi

Noter

  • ^ I 1938 og 1939 tillod Tysklands regering ikke at tre tyske Nobelprismodtagere kunne acceptere deres priser. De tre var Richard Kuhn, kemi i 1938; Adolf Butenandt, kemi i 1939; og Gerhard Domagk, fysiologi eller medicin i 1939. De blev senere tildelt diplomet og medaljen, men ikke pengene.[7]
  • ^ I 1948 blev fredsprisen ikke uddelt. Nobelstiftelsens hjemmeside antyder, at den ville være blevet uddelt til Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, men på grund af attentatet på ham tidligere samme år, blev den, i hans ære, ikke uddelt.[11]
  • ^ I 1958 blev den russisk fødte Boris Pasternak, under pres fra Sovjetunionens regering, tvunget til at afslå Nobelprisen i litteratur.[7]
  • ^ I 1964 nægtede Jean-Paul Sartre at modtage Nobelprisen i litteratur, da han altid havde nægtet at modtage alle officielle anerkendelser.[7]
  • ^ I 1973 nægtede Lê Ðức Thọ at modtage Nobels fredspris. Årsagen var, at han ikke følte, at han fortjente den, da der ikke var kommet nogen egentlig fredsaftale på plads på trods af hans indsats ved forhandlingerne af Paris Peace Accords (en våbenhvile i Vietnamkrigen).[7][10]
  • ^ I 2010 kunne Liu Xiaobo ikke modtage Nobels fredspris, da han blev idømt 11 års fængsel af de kinesiske myndigheder.[12]

Se også

Kildehenvisninger

Generelle
  • "All Nobel Laureates in Physics". Nobelstiftelsen. Hentet 2008-11-25.
  • "All Nobel Laureates in Chemistry". Nobelstiftelsen. Hentet 2008-11-25.
  • "All Nobel Laureates in Medicine". Nobelstiftelsen. Hentet 2008-11-25.
  • "All Nobel Laureates in Literature". Nobelstiftelsen. Hentet 2008-11-25.
  • "All Nobel Peace Prize Laureates". Nobelstiftelsen. Hentet 2008-11-25.
  • "All Laureates in Economics". Nobelstiftelsen. Hentet 2008-11-25.
Specifikke
  1. ^ "Alfred Nobel – The Man Behind the Nobel Prize". Nobelstiftelsen. Hentet 2008-11-27.
  2. ^ a b "The Nobel Prize". Nobelstiftelsen. Hentet 2008-11-27.
  3. ^ "The Nobel Prize Awarders". Nobelstiftelsen. Hentet 2008-11-27.
  4. ^ "The Nobel Prize Amounts". Nobelstiftelsen. Arkiveret fra originalen 31. juli 2008. Hentet 2016-09-04.
  5. ^ "The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies". Nobelstiftelsen. Arkiveret fra originalen 22. august 2008. Hentet 2008-11-27.
  6. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions - Nobel Laureates". Nobelstiftelsen. Hentet 2016-09-04.
  7. ^ a b c d e f "Nobel Laureates Facts". Nobelstiftelsen. Hentet 2016-04-25.
  8. ^ "Women Nobel Laureates". Nobelstiftelsen. Hentet 2011-10-11.
  9. ^ "List of All Nobel Laureates 1942". Nobelstiftelsen. Hentet 2008-11-30.
  10. ^ a b Lundestad, Geir (2001-03-15). "The Nobel Peace Prize 1901-2000". Nobelstiftelsen. Hentet 2008-11-30.
  11. ^ Tønnesson, Øyvind (1. december 1999). "Mahatma Gandhi, the Missing Laureates". Nobelstiftelsen. Hentet 3. januar 2010. Later, there have been speculations that the committee members could have had another deceased peace worker than Gandhi in mind when they declared that there was "no suitable living candidate", namely the Swedish UN envoy to Palestine, Count Bernadotte, who was murdered in September 1948. Today, this can be ruled out; Bernadotte had not been nominated in 1948. Thus it seems reasonable to assume that Gandhi would have been invited to Oslo to receive the Nobel Peace Prize had he been alive one more year.
  12. ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2010 - Presentation Speech". Nobelstiftelsen. Hentet 10. oktober 2011.

Eksterne henvisninger

Medier brugt på denne side

Nobel Prize Diploma Fritz Haber 1918.JPG
Photo of copy of the Nobel Prize diploma in Chemistry awarded to Fritz Haber in 1918. The copy is part of the exhibition in Wroclaw University Museum