Neoptera

Neoptera
Honningbi (Apis mellifera; orden Hymenoptera)
Videnskabelig klassifikation
RigeAnimalia (Dyr)
RækkeArthropoda (Leddyr)
KlasseInsecta (Insekter)
UnderklassePterygota
Infraklasse Neoptera
(insekter med vinger, der kan foldes fladt over ryggen)
Hjælp til læsning af taksobokse

Neoptera (oldgræsk néos (“ny”) + pteron (“vinge”)) er en infraklasse af insekter, der omfatter de fleste ordener af vingede insekter, specifikt dem, der kan folde deres vinger over ryggen. Dette er i modsætning til de mere basale ordener af vingede insekter (Palaeoptera-divisionen), som ikke er i stand til at bøje deres vinger på denne måde.

Taksonet Neoptera blev foreslået af А.М. Martynov i 1923 og 1924.[1][2]

Slægtskabsforhold

Neopteras fylogeni er ikke fuldstændigt løst. Et kladogram baseret på morfologiske karakteristika gengives her ifølge Kluge 2004, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2019 og 2020.[3][4][5]

Dette stemmer ikke overens med fylogeni baseret på molekylære (DNA) data udarbejdet af f.eks. Song et al 2016 for Polyneoptera, som inkluderer Zoraptera i denne klade,[6] eller f.eks. af Kjer et al 2016 for Endopterygota.[7]


Neoptera
Polyneoptera
Idioprothoraca

Embioptera



Notoptera



Rhipineoptera

Plecoptera (slørvinger)


Tegminoptera
Pandictyoptera

Blattodea (kakerlakker og termitter)



Mantodea (knælere)




Orthoptera (græshopper)



Phasmatodea (vandrende pinde og Mantophasmatidae)



Dermaptera (ørentviste)





Eumetabola
Parametabola

Zoraptera (zorapterer)


Acercaria
Condylognatha

Thysanoptera (trips)



Hemiptera (næbmunde)



Panpsocoptera

Psocoptera (bark- og boglus)



Phthiraptera (lus)





Endopterygota
Elytrophora

Coleoptera (biller)



Strepsiptera (viftevinger)



Neuropteroidea

Neuroptera (netvinger)



Raphidioptera (kamelhalsfluer)



Megaloptera (dovenfluer)



Mecopteriformia

Diptera (tovinger; bl.a. myg, fluer og klæger)


Enteracantha

Mecoptera


Calyptroptera

Boreidae



Siphonaptera (lopper)




Amphiesmenoptera

Trichoptera (vårfluer)



Lepidoptera (sommerfugle og møl)




Hymenoptera (årevinger; bl.a. bier og myrer)






Referencer

  1. ^ Martynov, A. V. (1923). "О двух основных типах крыльев насекомых и их значении для общей классификаци насекомых" [On the two main types of insect wings and their significance for the general classification of insects]. Proceedings of the I All-Russian Congress of Zoologists, Anatomists and Histologists in Petrograd on 15-21 December 1922: 88-89.
  2. ^ Martynov, A. V. (1924). "О двух типах крыльев насекомых и их эволюции" [There are two types of drug addicts and evolutionists]. Russian Zoological Journal. 4 (1, 2): 155-185.
  3. ^ Kluge, Nikita J. (2004). "Larval/pupal leg transformation and a new diagnosis for the taxon Metabola Burmeister, 1832 = Oligoneoptera Martynov, 1923" (PDF). Russian Entomological Journal. 13 (4): 189-229.
  4. ^ Kluge, Nikita J. (2010). "Circumscriptional names of higher taxa in Hexapoda" (PDF). Bionomina. 1: 15-55.
  5. ^ Kluge, Nikita J. (2012). "General System of Neoptera with Description of a New Species of Embioptera" (PDF). Russian Entomological Journal. 21 (4): 371-384. Further material from Kluge is available at Tegminoptera & Calyptroptera 2013 Tetrastigmoptera 2019 Insect systematics and principles of cladoendesis.
  6. ^ Song, Nan; Li, Hu; Song, Fan; Cai, Wanzhi (26. oktober 2016). "Molecular phylogeny of Polyneoptera (Insecta) inferred from expanded mitogenomic data". Scientific Reports. 6 (1). doi:10.1038/srep36175. ISSN 2045-2322.
  7. ^ Kjer, Karl M.; Simon, Chris; Yavorskaya, Margarita & Beutel, Rolf G. (2016). "Progress, pitfalls and parallel universes: a history of insect phylogenetics". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 13 (121): 121. doi:10.1098/rsif.2016.0363. PMC 5014063. PMID 27558853.

Medier brugt på denne side

Dorisiana bicolor MHNT, Montsinéry, Guyane dos vol 2.jpg
Forfatter/Opretter: Didier Descouens, Licens: CC BY-SA 4.0
Flight position - Dorsal side
Locality : crossroads, "Piste Risquetout, route Saut Léodate", Montsinéry, French Guianna.
Temnopteryx species Zebra Cockroach (white background).jpg
Forfatter/Opretter: JonRichfield, Licens: CC BY-SA 3.0
A species of Zebra cockroach in a chalet in a conservation area.

About 20 km south of Uniondale, South Africa

The genus Temnopteryx includes perhaps less than a dozen species of Zebra cockroaches, harmless, endemic to South Africa, mainly within the fynbos biome. Males with reduced wings, females wingless.
Zorotypus guineensis (white background).jpg
Zorotypus guineensis. Insect order Zoraptera. The main illustration of the type specimen published by F. Sylvestri Bollettino del Laboratorio di zoologia generale e agraria della R. Scuola superiore d'agricoltura in Portici Volume 7 1913 pp. 193-209
Thrips (PSF) (white background).png
Any of an order (Thysanoptera) of small to minute sucking insects many of which feed often destructively on plant juices
Raphidia icon.png
Raphidioptera
Common house fly, Musca domestica.jpg
Forfatter/Opretter: USDAgov, Licens: CC BY 2.0
Common house fly, Musca domestica.
Corydalus cornutus illustration (rotated).png
Illustration of a dobsonfly. The original caption read:
Fig. 511.--Corydalus cornutus, hellgrammite, male. (From Riley.)
Grylloblattidae (white background).jpg
Forfatter/Opretter: Alex Wild, Licens: CC0
One of the world's rarest and least understood insects, a grylloblattid ice crawler (Grylloblatta sp.). Photographed live at night on an ice field, Northern California, USA.
Pseudacrossus przewalskyi (Reitter, 1887).jpg
Forfatter/Opretter: URSchmidt, Licens: CC BY-SA 4.0
Pseudacrossus przewalskyi (Reitter, 1887) Familie: Scarabaeidae Groesse: 7,3 mm Fundort: Kirgisistan, Inner Tien-Shan, Aidupu Mts., 3600 m, 8-14 km N lake Son-Kul leg.E.Hetzel, 2.VIII.1999; det. J.Schoenfeld,, 2004 Foto: U.Schmidt, 2017
Elenchus koebelei.jpg
Elenchus koebelei
Psocoptera (white background).jpg
Forfatter/Opretter: sarefo, Licens: CC BY-SA 3.0
A barklouse (order Psocoptera) in a wood near Ratingen, Germany. (Length ca. 4mm)
Boreus hiemalis2 detail.jpg
Forfatter/Opretter: I.Sáček, senior; Chiswick Chap, Licens: CC BY-SA 4.0
Snow scorpionfly Boreus hiemalis
Scorpionfly (white background).jpg
Forfatter/Opretter: Luis Miguel Bugallo Sánchez, Licens: CC BY 3.0
Panorpa communis, Valverde, Vilarromarís, Oroso, Galicia (Spain)
Earwig on white background.jpg
Forfatter/Opretter:


fir0002
flagstaffotos [at] gmail.com
Canon 20D + Sigma 150mm f/2.8
, Licens: GFDL 1.2
Common earwig, Forficula auricularia on a white background. Specimen is approx 18mm in length. Taken in Swifts Creek, Victoria in April 2007
Pulex irritans female ZSM (white background).jpg
Forfatter/Opretter: Katja ZSM, Licens: CC BY-SA 3.0
Pulex irritans, female, stored in ZSM collection
Lice Body (cropped).png
Forfatter/Opretter: BruceBlaus, Licens: CC BY-SA 4.0
A medical illustration depicting the body of a louse.
Osmylus (white background).jpg
Osmylus fulvicephalus, Osmylidae, Neuroptera
Gryllidae usda.png
Gryllidae (cricket)
European wasp white bg.jpg
Forfatter/Opretter: User:Fir0002, Licens: GFDL 1.2
European Wasp on a white background. Specimen is about 12mm. Taken in Swifts Creek, Victoria, Australia.
Neoperla clymene hor.png
Neoperla clymene, Plecoptera
Arctia villica SLU.JPG
Forfatter/Opretter: Vítězslav Maňák (SLU), Licens: CC BY-SA 3.0
Arctia villica, insect collections SLU, Uppsala
RHYACOPHILA DORSALIS Male Pont Forge de Sailly Watigny 02 MHNT.jpg
Forfatter/Opretter: , Licens: CC BY-SA 4.0
Rhyacophila dorsalis. Dorsal side