Mariner-programmet
 Mariner 2 sonde |
 Starten af Mariner 1 (NASA) |
.jpg) Det første nærbillede af Mars, taget af Mariner 4 |
Mariner-programmet var en serie af NASA's rumsonder til at undersøge de indre planeter. Teknisk byggede det på de avancerede Ranger- månesonder og Marinersonder var de første succesfulde venus- og marssonder, endda før NASA fik sin første succesfulde månesonde. Navnet hentyder til de opdagelsesrejsende i 1600-1800-tallet. Marinersonderne blev styret af Jet Propulsion Laboratory i Pasadena, Californien.
Opsendt med Atlas-Agena-raketter
- 203 kg tung venussonde til forbiflyvning.
- Mariner 1, 22. juli 1962 — upålidelig løfteraket nødsprængt.
- Mariner 2, 26. august 1962 — første nære passage af en anden planet med en fungerende rumsonde.
- 261 kg tung marssonde til forbiflyvning. En reserve fløj til Venus.
- Mariner 3, 5. november 1964 — spærret inde bag raketnæsen.
- Mariner 4, 28. november 1964 — første nære passage af Mars, tog 21 nærbilleder.
- Mariner 5, 14. juni 1967 — 3.990 km's passage af Venus.
Opsendt med Atlas-Centaur-raketter
- 413 kg tung marssonde til forbiflyvning.
- Mariner 6, 25. februar 1969 — 3.412 km's passage af Mars, tog 25 nærbilleder.
- Mariner 7, 27 marts 1969 — 3.534 km's passage af Mars, tog 33 nærbilleder.
- 998 kg tung marskredser. Udnyttede at planeternes stilling var yderst ideel i 1971.
- Mariner 8, 8. maj 1971 — faldt i Atlanterhavet.
- Mariner 9, 30. maj 1971 — første kredsløb om en anden planet: Mars, tog 7.329 billeder.
- 503 kg tung merkursonde. Udnyttede Venus' tyngdekraft på vejen dertil.
- Mariner 10, 3. november 1973 — første sonde der besøgte Merkur, tog 349 nærbilleder på de tre passager.
Mariner Mk. 2
Mariner 11 og 12 blev omdøbt Voyager 1 og 2. Viking 1 og 2 kredserne var forstørrede udgaver af Mariner 9. Mariner Mark 2 danner grundlaget for Cassini og den aflyste CRAF.
Kilder
- Ridpath, I: The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Space, 1979, Thomas Y. Crowell, ISBN 0-690-01838-X
- Wilson, A: Solar System Log, 1987, Jane's, ISBN 0-7106-0444-0
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Mars (Mariner 4).jpg
Mariner 4 image, the first close-up image ever taken of Mars. This shows an area about 330 km across by 1200 km from limb to bottom of frame, centered at 37 N, 187 W. The area is near the boundary of Elysium Planitia to the west and Arcadia Planitia to the east. The hazy area barely visible above the limb on the left side of the image may be clouds. The resolution of this image is roughly 5 km and north is up. (Mariner 4, frame 01D).
Mariner 4 image, the first close-up image ever taken of Mars. This shows an area about 330 km across by 1200 km from limb to bottom of frame, centered at 37 N, 187 W. The area is near the boundary of Elysium Planitia to the west and Arcadia Planitia to the east. The hazy area barely visible above the limb on the left side of the image may be clouds. The resolution of this image is roughly 5 km and north is up. (Mariner 4, frame 01D).
Atlas Agena with Mariner 1.jpg
An Atlas-Agena 5 carrying the Mariner 1 spacecraft lifting off from Cape Kennedy Launch Complex 12.
An Atlas-Agena 5 carrying the Mariner 1 spacecraft lifting off from Cape Kennedy Launch Complex 12.
Mariner 2.jpg
Mariner 2 was the world's first successful interplanetary spacecraft. Launched August 27, 1962, on an Atlas-Agena rocket, Mariner 2 passed within about 34,000 kilometers (21,000 miles) of Venus, sending back valuable new information about interplanetary space and the Venusian atmosphere. Mariner 2 recorded the temperature at Venus for the first time, revealing the planet's very hot atmosphere of about 500 degrees Celsius (900 degrees Fahrenheit). The spacecraft's solar wind experiment measured for the first time the density, velocity, composition and variation over time of the solar wind.
Mariner 2 was the world's first successful interplanetary spacecraft. Launched August 27, 1962, on an Atlas-Agena rocket, Mariner 2 passed within about 34,000 kilometers (21,000 miles) of Venus, sending back valuable new information about interplanetary space and the Venusian atmosphere. Mariner 2 recorded the temperature at Venus for the first time, revealing the planet's very hot atmosphere of about 500 degrees Celsius (900 degrees Fahrenheit). The spacecraft's solar wind experiment measured for the first time the density, velocity, composition and variation over time of the solar wind.