Liste over epidemier

En tysk "pestplatte" fra 1600-tallet, der afbilder dødes triumf. Panler som disser blev placeret på huse, for at advare imod pest. En pestepidemi hærgede i Augsburg, Bayern, mellem 1632 og 1635.

Dette er en liste af de største kendte epidemier og pandemier, der er forårsaget af infektioner. Almindelige ikke-smitsomme sygdomme som hjerte-kar-sygdomme og kræft er ikke inkluderet. En epidemi er en hurtig spredning af en sygdom til et stort antal personer i en given population inden for en kort periode; i meningokocker, med en smitterate, der overstiger 15 per 100.000 personer i to på hinanden følgende uger bliver betragtet som en epidemi.[1]

Som følge af de lange periode som den første pestpandemi (500-700) og den anden pestpandemi (1300 til begyndelsen af 1800-tallet) strækker sig over, så bliver de vist som individuelle udbrud, som den justinianske pest (første pandemi) og den sorte død (anden pandemi).

Epidemier efter dødstal

Igangværende pandemier er skrevet med fed. For en given epidemi bliver det gennemsnitlige antal døde brugt til rangeringen. Hvis dødstallet for to epidemier er det samme, vil den med den laves afvigelse rangere højest. For historiske optegnelser af verdensbefolkningen se Verdens befolkning.[2][3]

Epidemier og pandemier med minst 1 millioner dødsfald
RankEpidemi/pandemiSygdomDødstalAndel af den globale befolkning tabtAndel af den regionale befolkning tabtTidspunktSted
1Den sorte dødByldepest75–200 millioner17–54%[a]30–60% af Europas befolkning[4]1346–1353Europa, Asien og Nordafrika
2Den spanske sygeInfluenza A/H1N117–100 millioner1–5.4%[5][6]–1918–1920Hele verden
3Den justinianske pestByldepest15–100 millioner7–56%[a]25–60% af Europas befolkning[7]541–549Europa og Vestasien
4HIV/AIDS global epidemiAIDS36,3 millioner (if 2020)[b]–1981–nuHele verden
5Tredje pestpandemiByldepest12–15 million[b]–1855–1960Hele verden
6CoronaviruspandemienCOVID-195–19 millioner (24. oktober 2021)[c]0,07–0,25%[2]–2019[d]–presentHele verden
7Cocoliztliepidemien 1545–1548Cocoliztli5–15 millioner1–3%[a]27–80% af Mexicos befolkning[13]1545–1548Mexico
8den Antoninske pestKopper eller mæslinger5–10 millioner3–6%[3]25–33% of Roman population[14]165–180 (possibly up to 190)Romerriget
9Kopperepidemien i 1520 i MexicoKopper5–8 millioner1–2%[a]23–37% af Mexicos befolkning[13]1519–1520Mexico
10Tyfusepidemien i Rusland i 1918–1922Tyfus2–3 millioner0,1–0,16%[6][e]1–1,6% af Ruslands befolkning[15]1918–1922Rusland
11Influenzapandemien 1957–1958Influenza A/H2N21–4 millioner0,03–0,1%[2]–1957–1958Hele verden
12Hong KongsygenInfluenza A/H3N21–4 millioner0,03–0,1%[2]–1968–1969Hele verden
13Cocoliztliepidemien i 1576Cocoliztli2–2,5 millioner0,4–0,5%[3]50% a Mexicos befolkning[13]1576–1580Mexico
14Kopperepidemien i Japan 735–737Kopper2 millioner1%[3]33% af Japans befolkning[16][17]735–737Japan
15Den persiske pest 1772–1773Byldepest2 millioner0,2–0,3%[3][f]1772–1773Persien
16NapolipestenPest1,25 millioner0,2%[3][f]1656–1658Syditalien
17Kolerapandemien 1846–1860Kolera1 million+0,08%[3]–1846–1860Hele verden
18Den italienske pest 1629–1631Byldepest1 million0,2%[3][f]1629–1631Italien
191889-1890-pandemienInfluenza (omstridt)[18][19]1 million0,07%[3]–1889–1890Hele verden

Fodnoter

  1. ^ a b c d The estimates of global population at the time vary non-trivially (no consensus). The current estimates are based on the available population data from estimates of historical world population.[2][3]
  2. ^ a b Global population changed significantly (not due to the epidemic) during the period of this epidemic.
  3. ^ The governmental report of COVID-19 deaths is likely an undercount and is treated as the lower bound.[8] The academic upper bound is provided by Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, which agrees with the estimate of the World Health Organization on 21 May 2021 that the governmental number "would truly be two to three times higher."[9][10] In addition, the Economist keeps a daily estimate of the total excess deaths due to the pandemic (10–19 million as of 14 October 2021), including diseases other than COVID-19.[11]
  4. ^ The COVID-19 pandemic started as a regional outbreak/epidemic of COVID-19 in China in late 2019. The World Health Organization declared it as a "pandemic" on 11 March 2020.[12] The starting time of this epidemic is thus 2019, regardless of the time when it was formally recognized as a pandemic.
  5. ^ Epidemic typhus was not limited to Russia and several million citizens died in Poland and Romania. However, due to lack of exact data, only the Russian epidemic is included.
  6. ^ a b c No accurate data about the local population at the time of this epidemic.

Referencer

  1. ^ Green MS; Swartz T; Mayshar E; Lev B; Leventhal A; Slater PE; Shemer Js (januar 2002). "When is an epidemic an epidemic?". Isr. Med. Assoc. J. 4 (1): 3-6. PMID 11802306.
  2. ^ a b c d e "World Population by Year". Worldometer (engelsk). Hentet 2021-02-20.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "World Population History". World Population (amerikansk engelsk). Hentet 2021-03-01.
  4. ^ Wade, Lizzie (2020-05-14). "From Black Death to fatal flu, past pandemics show why people on the margins suffer most". Science (engelsk). Hentet 2021-02-06.
  5. ^ "The Spanish flu (1918–20): The global impact of the largest influenza pandemic in history". Our World in Data. Hentet 2021-02-06.
  6. ^ a b "Compare: 1918 Spanish Influenza Pandemic Versus COVID-19". BioSpace (amerikansk engelsk). Hentet 2021-02-25.
  7. ^ Mordechai, Lee; Eisenberg, Merle; Newfield, Timothy P.; Izdebski, Adam; Kay, Janet E.; Poinar, Hendrik (2019-12-17). "The Justinianic Plague: An inconsequential pandemic?". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (engelsk). 116 (51): 25546-25554. doi:10.1073/pnas.1903797116. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6926030. PMID 31792176.
  8. ^ "ArcGIS Dashboards- COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University". Johns Hopkins University. Hentet 24. oktober 2021.
  9. ^ "COVID-19 Projections". Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (University of Washington). Hentet 24. oktober 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1-vedligeholdelse: url-status (link)
  10. ^ "Total death toll from COVID-19 could be at least 6–8 million: WHO". Reuters. 2021-05-21.
  11. ^ "The pandemic's true death toll". The Economist (engelsk). Hentet 11. september 2021.
  12. ^ "WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 11 March 2020". World Health Organization (engelsk).
  13. ^ a b c Acuna-Soto, R.; Stahle, D. W.; Cleaveland, M. K.; Therrell, M. D. (8. april 2002). "Megadrought and Megadeath in 16th Century Mexico". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 8 (4): 360-362. doi:10.3201/eid0804.010175. PMC 2730237. PMID 11971767.
  14. ^ "Antonine Plague". World History Encyclopedia. Hentet 2021-02-06.
  15. ^ "Population of Russia". www.tacitus.nu. Arkiveret fra originalen 18. oktober 2021. Hentet 2021-03-01.
  16. ^ Suzuki, A. (2011). "Smallpox and the epidemiological heritage of modern Japan: Towards a total history". Medical History. 55 (3): 313-318. doi:10.1017/S0025727300005329. PMC 3143877. PMID 21792253.
  17. ^ Kohn, George C. (2002). Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence: From Ancient Times to the Present. Princeton, New Jersey: Checkmark Books. s. 213. ISBN 978-0816048939.
  18. ^ Staff, Knowable Magazine (16. juli 2020). "Pandemics in recent history". Knowable Magazine. doi:10.1146/knowable-071520-2.
  19. ^ King, Anthony (maj 2020). "An uncommon cold". New Scientist. 246 (3280): 32-35. Bibcode:2020NewSc.246...32K. doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(20)30862-9. PMC 7252012. PMID 32501321.

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1607-35 Pesttafel Augsburg anagoria.JPG
Plague panel with the triumph of death. Panels of this kind were placed on the walls of houses to warn against the plague. A plague epidemy raged in Augsburg between 1607 and 1636.