Kyros-cylinderen
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Cyrus_Cylinder_front.jpg/220px-Cyrus_Cylinder_front.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Cyrus_cylinder_extract.svg/250px-Cyrus_cylinder_extract.svg.png)
Kyroscylinderen (persisk: منشور کوروش) er en gammel lercylinder, nu brudt i flere stykker, på hvilken der er skrevet en erklæring med akkadisk kileskrift[1] i den achaemenidiske konge Kyros den Stores navn.[2] Den stammer fra det 6. århundrede f.Kr. og blev opdaget i 1879 i ruinerne af Babylon i Mesopotamien (det nuværende Irak).[1] Den ejes i øjeblikket af British Museum, som finansierede ekspeditionen, der opdagede cylinderen. Den blev lavet og brugt som foundation deposit efter den persiske erobring af Babylon i 539 f.Kr., hvor det Neo-Babylonske Rige blev invaderet af Kyros og indlemmet i det Persiske Rige.
Teksten på cylinderen priser Kyros, remser hans forfædre op, og fremstiller ham som en konge fra en lang linje af konger. Den babylonske konge Nabonidus, der blev besejret og afsat af Kyros, beskrives som en ugudelig undertrykker af det babylonske folk, og hans ringe herkomst fremhæves i kontrast til Kyros' kongelige oprindelse. Den sejrende Kyros beskrives som udvalgt af babyloniernes øverste gud Marduk til at genoprette lov og orden hos babylonierne. Teksten fastslår, at Kyros blev hilst velkommen af folk i Babylon som deres nye hersker og gik ind i byen i fred. Den beder Marduk om at beskytte Kyros og hans søn Kambyses 2. Kyros fremhæves om en velgører for indbyggerne i Babylonien, der har forbedret deres tilværelse, tilgivet landsforviste og restaureret templer og helligdomme i hele Mesopotamien og andre dele af riget. Den afsluttes med en beskrivelse af, hvordan Kyros reparerede byens mure og fandt en lignende inskription placeret dér af en tidligere konge.[2]
Kilder/referencer
- ^ a b Dandamayev, (2010-01-26)
- ^ a b Kuhrt (2007), p. 70, 72
Bøger og journaler
- Abtahi, Hirad (2006). Abtahi, Hirad; Boas, Gideon (red.). The Dynamics of International Criminal Justice: Essays in Honour of Sir Richard May. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 90-04-14587-7.
- Albertz, Rainer (2003). Israel in Exile: The History and Literature of the Sixth Century B.C.E. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 1-58983-055-5.
- Ansari, Ali (2007). Modern Iran: The Pahlavis and After. Harlow: Longman. ISBN 1-4058-4084-6.
- Arberry, A.J. (1953). The Legacy of Persia. Oxford: Clarendon Press. OCLC 1283292.
- Arnold, Bill T.; Michalowski, Piotr (2006). "Achaemenid Period Historical Texts Concerning Mesopotamia". I Chavelas, Mark W. (red.). The Ancient Near East: Historical Sources in Translation. London: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-23581-7.
- Bedford, Peter Ross (2000). Temple Restoration in Early Achaemenid Judah. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-11509-9.
- Beaulieu, P.-A. (oktober 1993). "An Episode in the Fall of Babylon to the Persians". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 52 (4).
- Becking, Bob (2006). ""We All Returned as One!": Critical Notes on the Myth of the Mass Return". I Lipschitz, Oded; Oeming, Manfred (red.). Judah and the Judeans in the Persian period. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-104-7.
- Berger, P.-R. (1970). "Das Neujahrsfest nach den Königsinschriften des ausgehenden babylonischen Reiches". I Finet, A. (red.). Actes de la XVIIe Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale. Publications du Comité belge de recherches historiques, épigraphiques et archéologiques en Mésopotamie, nr. 1 (tysk). Ham-sur-Heure: Comité belge de recherches en Mésopotamie.
- Bidmead, Julye (2004). The Akitu Festival: Religious Continuity And Royal Legitimation In Mesopotamia. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press LLC. ISBN 1-59333-158-4.
- Briant, Pierre (2006). From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbraun. ISBN 978-1-57506-120-7.
- Brown, Dale (1996). Persians: Masters of Empire. Alexandra, VA: Time-Life Books. ISBN 0-8094-9104-4.
- Buchanan, G. (1964). "The Foundation and Extension of the Persian Empire". I Bury, J.B.; Cook, S.A.; Adcock, F.E. (red.). The Cambridge Ancient History: IV. The Persian Empire and the West. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. OCLC 57550495.
- Curtis, John; Tallis, Nigel; André-Salvini, Béatrice (2005). Forgotten Empire: The World of Ancient Persia. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-24731-0.
- Dandamaev, M.A. (1989). A political history of the Achaemenid Empire. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-09172-6.
- Daniel, Elton L. (2000). The History of Iran. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-313-30731-8.
- Dick, Michael B. (2004). "The "History of David's Rise to Power" and the Neo-Babylonian Succession Apologies". I Batto, Bernard Frank; Roberts, Kathryn L.; McBee Roberts, Jimmy Jack (red.). David and Zion: Biblical Studies in Honor of J.J.M. Roberts. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. ISBN 1-57506-092-2.
- Dyck, Jonathan E. (1998). The Theocratic Ideology of the Chronicler. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-11146-8.
- Evans, Malcolm (1997). Religious Liberty and International Law in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-55021-1.
- Finkel, I.L.; Seymour, M.J. (2009). Babylon. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-538540-3.
- Fowler, Richard; Hekster, Olivier (2005). Imaginary kings: royal images in the ancient Near East, Greece and Rome. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 978-3-515-08765-0.
- Free, Joseph P.; Vos, Howard Frederic (1992). Vos, Howard Frederic (red.). Archaeology and Bible history. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. ISBN 978-0-310-47961-1.
- Fried, Lisbeth S. (2004). The priest and the great king: temple-palace relations in the Persian Empire. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-090-3.
- Grabbe, Lester L. (2004). A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period: Yehud, the Persian Province of Judah. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 0-567-08998-3.
- Grabbe, Lester L. (2006). "The "Persian Documents" in the Book of Ezra: Are They Authentic?". I Lipschitz, Oded; Oeming, Manfred (red.). Judah and the Judeans in the Persian period. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-104-7.
- Hallo, William (2002). Hallo, William; Younger, K. Lawson (red.). The Context of Scripture: Monumental inscriptions from the biblical world. Vol. 2. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-10619-2.
- Haubold, Johannes (2007). "Xerxes' Homer". I Bridges, Emma; Hall, Edith; Rhodes, P.J. (red.). Cultural Responses to the Persian Wars: Antiquity to the Third Millennium. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-927967-8.
- Hilprecht, Hermann Volrath (1903). Explorations in Bible lands during the 19th century. Philadelphia: A.J. Molman and Company.
- Hurowitz, Victor Avigdor (januar-april 2003). "Restoring the Temple: Why and when?". The Jewish Quarterly Review. University of Pennsylvania Press. 93 (3/4).
{{cite journal}}
: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Dato-format (link) - Janzen, David (2002). Witch-hunts, purity and social boundaries: the expulsion of the foreign women in Ezra 9–10. London: Sheffield Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-84127-292-4.
- Koldewey, Robert; Griffith Johns, Agnes Sophia (1914). The excavations at Babylon. London: MacMillan & co.
- Kuhrt, Amélie (1982). "Babylonia from Cyrus to Xerxes". I Boardman, John (red.). The Cambridge Ancient History: Vol IV – Persia, Greece and the Western Mediterranean. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-22804-2.
- Kuhrt, Amélie (1983). "The Cyrus Cylinder and Achaemenid imperial policy". Journal for the Study of the Old Testament. Sheffield: University of Sheffield. Dept. of Biblical Studies. 25. ISSN 1476-6728.
- Kuhrt, Amélie (2007). The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources of the Achaemenid Period. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-43628-1.
- Kuhrt, Amélie (2007). "Cyrus the Great of Persia: Images and Realities". I Heinz, Marlies; Feldman, Marian H. (red.). Representations of Political Power: Case Histories from Times of Change and Dissolving Order in the Ancient Near East. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. ISBN 1-57506-135-X.
- Kutsko, John F. (2000). Between Heaven and Earth: Divine Presence and Absence in the Book of Ezekiel. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. ISBN 1-57506-041-8.
- Lincoln, Bruce (1992). Discourse and the Construction of Society: Comparative Studies of Myth, Ritual, and Classification. New York: Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-507909-4.
- Lincoln, Bruce (2007). Religion, empire and torture: the case of Achaemenian Persia, with a postscript on Abu Ghraib. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-48196-8.
- Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd (2009). "The First Persian Empire 550–330BC". I Harrison, Thomas (red.). The Great Empires of the Ancient World. Getty Publications. s. 104. ISBN 978-0-89236-987-4.
- Mallowan, Max (1968). "Cyrus the Great (558-529 B.C.)". I Frye, Richard Nelson; Fisher, William Bayne (red.). The Cambridge history of Iran. Vol. 2, The Median and Achaemenian periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-20091-1. OCLC 40820893.
- Masroori, C. (august 1999). "Cyrus II and the Political Utility of Religious Toleration". I Laursen, J. C., (red.). Religious toleration : "the variety of rites" from Cyrus to Defoe. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-22233-8.
{{cite book}}
: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Ekstra punktum (link) - Min, Kyung-Jin (2004). The Levitical Authorship of Ezra-Nehemiah. London: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2004. ISBN 0-567-08226-1.
- Mitchell, T.C. (1988). Biblical Archaeology: Documents from the British Museum. London: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-36867-7.
- Nies, J.B.; Keiser, C.E. (1920). Babylonian Inscriptions in the Collection of J.B. Nies. Vol. II.
- Pahlavi, Mohammed Reza (1967). The White Revolution of Iran. Imperial Pahlavi Library.
- Pritchard, James Bennett, red. (1973). The Ancient Near East, Volume I: An Anthology of Texts and Pictures. Princeton: Princeton University Press. OCLC 150577756.
- Rassam, Hormuzd (1897). Asshur and the land of Nimrod. London: Curts & Jennings.
- Rawlinson, H. C. (1880). "Notes on a newly-discovered clay Cylinder of Cyrus the Great". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 12.
- Robertson, Arthur Henry; Merrills, J. G. (1996). Human rights in the world : an introduction to the study of the international protection of human rights. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-4923-1.
- Schaudig, Hanspeter (2001). Die Inschriften Nabonids von Babylon und Kyros' des Grossen samt den in ihrem Umfeld entstandenen Tendenzschriften : Textausgabe und Grammatik (tysk). Münster: Ugarit-Verlag. ISBN 3-927120-75-8.
- Shabani, Reza; Mahmood Farrokhpey (trans) (2005). Iranian History at a Glance. London: Alhoda UK. ISBN 964-439-005-9.
- Sherwin, Simon J. (2007). "Old Testament monotheism and Zoroastrian influence". I Gordon, Robert P (red.). The God of Israel: Studies of an Inimitable Deity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-87365-7.
- Smith, Morton (1996). Cohen, Shaye J.D. (red.). Studies in the cult of Yahweh, Volume 1. Leiden: Brill. s. 78. ISBN 978-90-04-10477-8.
- Soggin, J. Alberto; John Bowman (trans) (1999). An Introduction to the History of Israel and Judah. London: SCM-Canterbury Press Ltd. ISBN 0-334-02788-8.
- Stillman, Robert E. (2008). Philip Sidney and the poetics of Renaissance cosmopolitanism. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-6369-0.
- van der Spek, R.J. (1982). "Did Cyrus the Great introduce a new policy towards subdued nations? Cyrus in Assyrian perspective". Persica. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Osten. 10. OCLC 499757419.
- Vos, Howard Frederic (1995). "Archaeology of Mesopotamia". I Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (red.). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 0-8028-3781-6.
- Walker, C.B.F. (1972). "A recently identified fragment of the Cyrus Cylinder". Iran : journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies (10). ISSN 0578-6967.
- Walton, John H.; Hill, Andrew E. (2004). Old Testament Today: A Journey from Original Meaning to Contemporary Significance. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. ISBN 0-310-23826-9.
- Wiesehöfer, Josef (1999). "Kyros, der Schah und 2500 Jahre Menschenrechte. Historische Mythenbildung zur Zeit der Pahlavi-Dynastie". I Conermann, Stephan (red.). Mythen, Geschichte(n), Identitäten. Der Kampf um die Vergangenheit (tysk). Schenefeld/Hamburg: EB-Verlag. ISBN 3-930826-52-6.
- Wiesehöfer, Josef (2001). Ancient Persia: From 550 BC to 650 AD. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 1-86064-675-1.
- Weissbach, Franz Heinrich (1911). Die Keilinschriften der Achämeniden. Vorderasiatische Bibliotek (tysk). Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs.
- Winn Leith, Mary Joan (1998). "Israel among the Nations: The Persian Period". I Coogan, Michael David (red.). The Oxford History of the Biblical World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-513937-2.
- Farrokh, Kaveh (2007). "Cyrus the Great and early Achaemenids". Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-108-3.
- Lauren, Paul Gordon (2003). "Philosophical Visions: Human Nature, Natural Law, and Natural Rights". The Evolution of International Human Rights: Visions Seen. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1854-X.
Medieartikler
- "Royal Asiatic Society". The Times. 18. november 1879.
- "A Monument of Cyrus the Great". The Oriental Journal. London. januar 1880.
- Housego, David (1971-10-15). "Pique and peacocks in Persepolis". The Times.
- Foucart, Stéphane (2007-08-19). "Cyrus le taiseux". Le Monde (fransk). Arkiveret fra originalen 7. januar 2013. Hentet 2008-07-30.
- Jeffries, Stuart (2005-10-22). "A private view". The Guardian. Hentet 2010-06-19.
- MacGregor, Neil (2004-07-24). "The whole world in our hands". The Guardian. Hentet 2010-06-26.
- Schulz, Matthias (2008-07-15). "UN Treasure Honors Persian Despot". Der Spiegel. Hentet 2008-07-30.
- Sheikholeslami, Ali (2009-10-12). "Iran Gives British Museum 2-Month Deadline Over Cyrus Cylinder". Bloomberg News. Hentet 2010-06-19.
- Wilson, John (2010-01-24). "British Museum in battle with Iran over ancient 'charter of rights'". The Observer. Hentet 2010-06-24.
- Staff (2010-02-07). "Iran severs cultural ties with British Museum over Persian treasure". Daily Telegraph. Hentet 2010-06-20.
- "Iran seeks compensation from British Museum". Tehran Times. 2010-04-18.
- "Iran demands $300,000 from British Museum over Cyrus Cylinder delay". The Times. 2010-04-20.
Iran is demanding that the British Museum pay $300,000 (£197,000) after it refused to hand over the Cyrus Cylinder — a cuneiform tablet regarded as the first declaration of human rights.
- "Cyrus Cylinder, world's oldest human rights charter, returns to Iran on loan". The Guardian. 2010-09-10. Hentet 2010-09-10.
- "موزه بريتانيا: تبادل اشياء تاريخي با موزه ملي ايران براي ما مهم است (British Museum: Exchange of historical objects with the National Museum of Iran is important to us)". IRNA. 2010-09-10. Arkiveret fra originalen 27. september 2011. Hentet 2010-09-10.
- "منشور حقوق بشر كوروش در موزه ملي ايران استقرار يافت (The Human Rights Declaration of Cyrus was Installed at National Museum)". IRNA. 2010-09-11. Hentet 2010-09-11.
- "Ahmadinejad hails Cyrus Cylinder". PressTV. 12. september 2010.
Andre kilder
- "British Museum Highlights web page". Hentet 2010-06-08.
- "British Museum collection database web page, with full translation of the Cylinder's text". Hentet 2010-06-19.
- Nayeri, F. (2010-01-11). "British Museum Postpones Sending Artifact to Iran". Hentet 2010-06-25.
'The agreement has been made with our colleagues in Iran that we'll postpone the loan to investigate this exciting discovery with them,' said Hannah Boulton, head of press and marketing at the British Museum. 'That's the reason for the postponement.' [...] Boulton said the latest postponement had no link to recent events.
- The Cyrus Cylinder. Inscription in room 55: British Museum. 1979.
For almost 100 years the Cylinder was regarded as ancient Mesopotamian propaganda. This changed in 1971 when the Shah of Iran used it as a central image in his own propaganda celebrating 2500 years of Iranian monarchy. In Iran, the Cylinder has appeared on coins, banknotes and stamps. Despite being a Babylonian document it has become part of Iran's cultural identity.
{{cite book}}
: CS1-vedligeholdelse: location (link) - The British Museum (2010-01-20). "Statements regarding the Cyrus Cylinder". British Museum. Hentet 2010-06-01.
- "Note to Correspondents no. 3699" (PDF). United Nations. 1971-10-13. Hentet 2010-06-08.
- Lendering, Jona (2007-01-28). "The Cyrus Cylinder". livius.org. Arkiveret fra originalen 24. februar 2007. Hentet 2008-07-30.
- Dandamaev, M.A. (2010-01-26). "Cyrus II The Great". Encyclopædia Iranica. Hentet 2010-06-08.
- Dandamaev, M.A. (2010-01-26). "The Cyrus Cylinder". Encyclopædia Iranica. Hentet 2010-09-13.
- "United Nations Press Release SG/SM/1553/HQ263" (PDF). 1971-10-14. Hentet 2010-06-08.
- "Gift of Iran to the United Nations". United Nations. Hentet 2010-06-10.
- "The First Global Statement of the Inherent Dignity and Equality" (PDF). United Nations. Arkiveret fra originalen (PDF) 15. maj 2019. Hentet 2010-05-15.
Medier brugt på denne side
Forfatter/Opretter: Prioryman, Licens: CC BY-SA 3.0
Front of the Cyrus Cylinder. Can be seen in The British Museum
Extract from the Cyrus Cylinder (lines 15-21), giving the genealogy of Cyrus the Great and an account of his capture of Babylon in 539 BC Source: Babylonian Life and History by Ernest Alfred Wallis Budge Publication date 1884.