Kunstvanding

Kunstvanding er betegnelse for kunstig tilførsel af vand til landbrugsjord, sædvanligvis for at fremme afgrødernes vækst. Inden for landbruget anvendes kunstvanding primært for at mindske problemer i forbindelse med utilstrækkelig nedbør for på bedst mulig måde at styrke de pågældende afgrøder og give dem bedst mulige vækstbetingelser.

Kunstvanding kan antage mange forskellige former, alt efter hvor eller hvordan kunstvandingen foregår og med hvilken teknologi, der benyttes. Ofte anvendes flere af de nævnte former i en kombination, der er bestemt af de naturgivne forhold kombineret med anvendelsen af udvalgte samfundsmæssige – herunder økonomisk betingede – muligheder.

Terrassejordbrug med overrisling fra kanaler, hvorfra vandet fordeles ned over skråningens terrasser.
Damanlæg i form af opdæmmede kunstige søer kombineret med kanaler, hvorigennem vandet ledes ud til markerne.
Qanat- eller kareze-anlæg med underjordiske kanaler, hvorfra grundvandet ledes ud af bakker til lavereliggende marker (i eksempelvis Afghanistan, Pakistan og dele af Kina)
Sprinklervanding af marker med kørende halv- eller helautomatiske vandingsanlæg
Drypvanding i drivhuse er ligeledes en form for kunstvanding

Historie

Man har anvendt kunstvanding meget længe. Allerede de gamle egyptere og sumerer byggede kanaler og diger for 5000 år siden. ^[1] ^[2] ^[3]

Litteratur

Peter Michelsen, Vand til tørstig jord – Kunstvandingens hvor, hvornår, hvordan, Christian Ejlers' Forlag, 1995. ISBN 87-7241-792-7.

Kilder/referencer

^ educ.psu.edu: The sumerian city-state Arkiveret 4. juni 2009 hos Wayback Machine Citat: "...The people who established the world's first civilization around 3500 B.C. in southern Mesopotamia were known as the Sumerians. The Sumerians learned to control the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers by constructing levees and irrigation canals. As a result, a stable food supply existed, and the Sumerian villages evolved into self-governing city-states..."
^ Sandra Postel: Egypt's Nile Valley Basin Irrigation Citat: "...The earliest evidence of water control in ancient Egypt is the famous historical relief of the mace head of Scorpion King which dates to around 3,100 BC. It depicts one of the last predynastic kings, holding a hoe and ceremoniously cutting a ditch in a grid network. Besides attesting to the importance of these waterworks and the great ceremony attached to them, this picture confirms that Egyptians began practicing some form of water management for agriculture about 5,000 years ago.[4]...", [4] Karl W. Butzer, Early Hydraulic Civilization in Egypt: A Study in Cultural Ecology (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1976); quote from M.S. Drowser, "Water-Supply, Irrigation, and Agriculture," in C. Singer, E.J. Holmyard, and A.R. Hall, eds., A History of Technology (New York: Oxford University Press, 1954).
^ theplumber.com: The History of Plumbing – Babylonia Arkiveret 10. august 2015 hos Wayback Machine Citat: "...King Hammurabi who belonged to the first dynasty of Babylonia lived around 1760 B.C. He personally directed provincial governors to dig and dredge the canals on a continuous basis..."

Spire

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[1] uc.psu.edu: The sumerian city-state Arkiveret 4. juni 2009 hos Wayback Machine Citat: "...The people who established the world's first civilization around 3500 B.C. in southern Mesopotamia were known as the Sumerians. The Sumerians learned to control the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers by constructing levees and irrigation canals. As a result, a stable food supply existed, and the Sumerian villages evolved into self-governing city-states..."

[2] Sandra Postel: Egypt's Nile Valley Basin Irrigation Citat: "...The earliest evidence of water control in ancient Egypt is the famous historical relief of the mace head of Scorpion King which dates to around 3,100 BC. It depicts one of the last predynastic kings, holding a hoe and ceremoniously cutting a ditch in a grid network. Besides attesting to the importance of these waterworks and the great ceremony attached to them, this picture confirms that Egyptians began practicing some form of water management for agriculture about 5,000 years ago.[4]...", [4] Karl W. Butzer, Early Hydraulic Civilization in Egypt: A Study in Cultural Ecology (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1976); quote from M.S. Drowser, "Water-Supply, Irrigation, and Agriculture," in C. Singer, E.J. Holmyard, and A.R. Hall, eds., A History of Technology (New York: Oxford University Press, 1954).

[3] theplumber.com: The History of Plumbing – Babylonia Arkiveret 10. august 2015 hos Wayback Machine Citat: "...King Hammurabi who belonged to the first dynasty of Babylonia lived around 1760 B.C. He personally directed provincial governors to dig and dredge the canals on a continuous basis..."

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