Kleisthenes

Moderne buste af Kleisthenes, kendt som "faderen til Athensk demokrati", set på Ohio Statehouse, Columbus, Ohio.

Kleisthenes (/ˈklaɪsθɪniːz/ KLYS-thin-eez; græsk: Κλεισθένης) (født ca. 570 fvt. – død ca. 508 fvt.[1] - eller født ca. 550 fvt. - død ca. 500 fvt.[2]) var en gammel athensk lovgiver krediteret for at reformere det antikke Athens forfatning og sætte den på demokratisk fod i 508 fvt.[3][4] For disse præstationer omtaler historikere ham som "faderen til det athenske demokrati".[5] Han var medlem af den aristokratiske alkmaionidernes slægt. Han var den yngre søn af Megacles og Agariste, hvilket gjorde ham til mors barnebarn af tyrannen Kleisthenes fra Sicyon.[6] Han blev også krediteret for at øge magten i den athenske borgerforsamling og for at reducere adelens magt over athensk politik.[7]

I 510 fvt. hjalp spartanske tropper athenerne med at vælte tyrannen Hippias, søn af Peisistratos. Kleomenes I, konge af Sparta, indførte et pro-spartansk oligarki ledet af Isagoras.[8] Kleisthenes overtog dog med støtte fra middelklassen og hjulpet af demokrater. Cleomenes greb ind i 508 og 506 fvt., men kunne ikke stoppe Kleisthenes og hans athenske tilhængere. Gennem Kleisthenes' reformer gav befolkningen i Athen deres by isonomiske institutioner – lige rettigheder for alle borgere (selvom kun frie mænd var borgere)[9] – og etablerede udstødelse som en straf.[10]

Referencer

  1. ^ britannica.com: Cleisthenes of Athens, backup Citat: "...Cleisthenes of Athens (born c. 570 bce—died c. 508) was a statesman regarded as the founder of Athenian democracy..."
  2. ^ denstoredanske.lex.dk: Kleisthenes, backup Citat: "...Kleisthenes, ca. 550-500 f.Kr., athensk statsmand af alkmaionidernes slægt..."
  3. ^ Ober, pp. 83 ff.
  4. ^ The New York Times (30. oktober 2007) [1st pub:2004]. John W. Wright (red.). The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge, Second Edition: A Desk Reference for the Curious Mind. New York: St. Martin's Press. s. 628. ISBN 978-0-312-37659-8. Hentet 31. januar 2017.
  5. ^ R. Po-chia Hsia, Julius Caesar, Thomas R. Martin, Barbara H. Rosenwein, and Bonnie G. Smith, The Making of the West, Peoples and Cultures, A Concise History, Volume I: To 1740 (Boston and New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2007), 44.
  6. ^ Smith, William (1867). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Alcmaeonidae. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. s. 105-106.
  7. ^ Langer, William L. (1968) The Early Period, to c. 500 B.C. An Encyclopedia of World History (Fourth Edition pp. 66). Printed in the United States of America: Houghton Mifflin Company. Accessed: January 30, 2011
  8. ^ Lewis, D. M. (1963). "Cleisthenes and Attica". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 12 (1): 25. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4434773 – via JSTOR.
  9. ^ Hayek, Friedrich A. von (1960). The constitution of liberty. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. s. 238-242. ISBN 0-226-32084-7. OCLC 498999.
  10. ^ Robinson, C. A. (1952). "Cleisthenes and Ostracism". American Journal of Archaeology. 56 (1): 23-24. doi:10.2307/500834. ISSN 0002-9114. JSTOR 500834.

Primær kilder

Sekundær kilder

  • Morris I.; Raaflaub K., red. (1998). Democracy 2500?: Questions and Challenges. Kendal/Hunt Publishing Co.
  • Ober, Josiah (2007). "I Besieged That Man, Democracy's Revolutionary Start". Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24562-4.
  • Lévêque, Pierre; Vidal-Naquet, Pierre (1996). Cleisthenes the Athenian: An Essay on the Representation of Space and Time in Greek Political Thought from the End of the Sixth Century to the Death of Plato. Humanities Press.
  • David Ames Curtis: Translator's Foreword to Pierre Vidal-Maquet and Pierre Lévêque's Cleisthenes the Athenian: An Essay on the Representation of Space and Time in Greek Thought from the End of the Sixth Century to the Death of Plato (1993-1994) http://kaloskaisophos.org/rt/rtdac/rtdactf/rtdactfcleisthenes.html

Yderligere læsning

  • Davies, J.K. (1993). Democracy and classical Greece. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-19607-4.
  • Ehrenberg, Victor (2010). From Solon to Socrates Greek History and Civilization During the 6th and 5th Centuries BC. Hoboken: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-203-84477-9.
  • Forrest, William G. (1966). The Emergence of Greek Democracy, 800–400 BC. New York: McGraw–Hill.
  • Hignett, Charles (1952). A History of the Athenian Constitution to the End of the Fifth Century BC. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Larsen, Jakob A. O. (1948). "Cleisthenes and the Development of the Theory of Democracy at Athens". I Konvitz, Milton R.; Murphy, Arthur E. (red.). Essays in Political Theory Presented to George H. Sabine. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
  • O'Neil, James L. (1995). The origins and development of ancient Greek democracy. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-8476-7956-X.
  • Staveley, E. S. (1972). Greek and Roman voting and elections. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell Univ. Pr. ISBN 0-8014-0693-5.
  • Thorley, John (1996). Athenian democracy. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-12967-2.
  • Zimmern, Alfred (1911). The Greek Commonwealth: Politics and Economics in Fifth Century Athens. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Eksterne henvisninger

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Cleisthenes.jpg

Cleisthenes, the father of Greek democracy, reformed traditional Athenian government controlled by ruling tribes into the first government "of the people" (the Demos) democracy. The Cleisthenes Project Committee was initiated by Aristotle Hutras in 2002 to begin the efforts to return to the Statehouse busts of individuals who have become legendary in the development of democratic governance. The first known likeness of Cleisthenes was created by sculptor, Anna Christoforidis. Busts of Cleisthenes and Thomas Jefferson were unveiled on March 24, 2004 in the Ohio House and Senate Chambers.