James Mooney
| James Mooney | |
|---|---|
| |
| Personlig information | |
| Født | 10. februar 1861  Richmond |
| Død | 22. december 1921 (60 år) Washington D.C. |
| Nationalitet |  Amerikansk |
| Uddannelse og virke | |
| Beskæftigelse | Etnograf, antropolog |
Information med symbolet  hentes fra Wikidata. Kildehenvisninger foreligger sammesteds. | |
James Mooney (født 10. februar 1861, død 22. december 1921) var en amerikansk etnolog der boede flere år hos cherokeserstammen. Han gennemførte større undersøgelser af de sydøstlige indianere, såvel som af indianerne fra Great Plains. Hans mest berømte værk, var de studier han gennemførte af Ghost Dance efter Sitting Bulls død i 1890. Ghost Dance (da: Åndedans) var en religiøs bevægelse, udbredt blandt forskellige grupper af oprindelige amerikanere i det 19. århundrede. Desuden skrev han bøgerne The Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees og Myths of the Cherokee, som udkom i henholdsvis 1891 og 1900. Alle bøgerne blev udgivet af US Bureau of American Ethnology, som Mooney arbejdede for. En stor del af Mooneys arbejde findes i dag kun i manuskriptform og er aldrig udgivet. Mange af Mooneys efterladte papirer findes i dag i forskellige samlinger, fx Smithsonian Institutions Department of Anthropology på National Museum of Natural History, og Department of Anthropologys Field Museum of Natural History og andre steder.
Biografi
James Mooney blev født den 10. februar 1861 i Richmond, Indiana som søn af irske, katolske immigranter. Hans formelle skolegang begrænsede sig til byens offentlige skole. Som voksen blev han selvlært ekspert i indfødte amerikanske stammer gennem sine egne studier, og nøjagtige observationer under lange ophold hos forskellige kulturelle grupper af oprindelige amerikanere.
I 1885 blev han ansat (uden løn) af US Bureau of American Ethnology i Washington D.C. under ledelse af John Wesley Powell. Han samlede en liste over synonymer for USA's indianerstammer, som indeholdt mere end 3.000 stammenavne. Hans arbejde blev afbrudt efter at den amerikanske hær i 1890 gennemførte Massakren ved Wounded Knee på medlemmer af Lakota-stammen ved vandløbet Wounded Knee i South Dakota.
Bibliografi
- Mooney, James. Linguistic families of Indian tribes north of Mexico, with provisional list of principal tribal names and synonyms. US Bureau of American Ethnology, 1885.
- Mooney, James. Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees. US Bureau of American Ethnology, 1885-6 Annual Report, 1892.
- Mooney, James. Siouan tribes of the East. US Bureau of American EthnologyBulletin, 1894.
- Mooney, James. The Ghost-dance religion and the Sioux outbreak of 1890. US Bureau of American Ethnology, 1892-3 Annual Report, 1897.
- Mooney, James. Calendar history of the Kiowa Indians. US Bureau of American Ethnology, 1895-6 Annual Report, 1900.
- Mooney, James. Myths of the Cherokee. US Bureau of American Ethnology, 1897-8 Annual Report, 1902.
- Mooney, James. Indian missions north of Mexico. US Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin, 1907.
- Mooney, James. The Swimmer manuscript: Cherokee sacred formulas and medicinal prescriptions, revised, completed and edited by Frans M. Olbrechts, 1932.
- Mooney, James, 1861-1921. "James Mooney's history, myths, and sacred formulas of the Cherokees :
containing the full texts of Myths of the Cherokee (1900) and The sacred formulas of the Cherokees (1891) as published by the Bureau of American Ethnology : with a new biographical introduction, James Mooney and the eastern Cherokees, by George Ellison," Asheville, NC: Historical Images, 1992.
Kilder
- Mooney, James, "Cherokee History, Myths and Sacred Formulas: Containing full text of Myth of the Cherokee (1900), Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees (1891) and 19th and 7th Annual Reports as published by the Bureau of American Ethnology. Foreword by Principal Chief of Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, Michell Hicks and Introduction by Barbara A. Duncan, Ph.D, Museum of Cherokee Indian", Cherokee Publications, Cherokee, North Carolina, 2006.
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Forfatter/Opretter: Tim Evanson, Licens: CC BY-SA 2.0
Grave of James Mooney in section 53 at Mount Olivet Cemetery in Washington, D.C., in the United States.
Mooney was born February 10, 1861, in Richmond, Indiana. He was educated in the city's public schools, where he became fascinated with Native American culture and history. He immediately headed for the American frontier, where he became a self-taught expert on First Peoples. Usually living with various tribes to learns their culture, he became a participant-observer ethnographer whose remarkably detailed and accurate studies, largely free of European influences, are still widely used today. Between 1885 and 1890, he began compiling a list of every tribe that ever existed in the United States. His list runs to 3,000 names.
Mooney's lengthiest and most famous studies were of Southeastern and Great Plains Indians, and he lived for years among the Cherokee. He wrote two major treatises: "The Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees" (1891) and "Myths of the Cherokee" (1900). He also wrote a notable study of the Ghost Dance, a widespread religious movement among various Native American cultures after 1890.
Mooney died of heart disease in Washington, D.C. on December 22, 1921.