Havaffald

Havaffald er menneskeskabt affald som med vilje eller ved et uheld er smidt i og er flydende i søer, have, verdenshave eller vandveje. Havaffald i verdenshavene samles sædvanligvis i centrum af en gyre eller ved kystlinjen.

En flydende affaldsø er en samling af større og delvist opløste plasticstykker, som ligger i overfladen, i vandsøjlen nedenunder og på bunden. ^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] I alt skulle der findes 8 affaldsøer ifølge oceanografen Curtis Ebbesmeyer fra Seattle, USA. Der er også en i Atlanterhavet. ^[5]

Noget af affaldet forsøges fordøjet af havdyr. ^[6] ^[7]

Selv ferskvandsøer kan være forurenet med plast. Der blev i 2013 fundet ligeså høj koncentration af plastaffald i Genevesøen som i Middelhavet. ^[8]

Historie

Det mest kendte område er Affaldsøen i Stillehavet (også kaldet The Great Pacific garbage patch), som flyder rundt i en gyre i det nordlige Stillehav. Affaldsøen blev opdaget sent i 1990'erne.

Plastikforurening

Uddybende artikel: Plastikforurening

Plastikforureningen af miljøet, specielt oceanerne er nået et stort omfang og er blevet et globalt problem. Der producers årligt 280 millioner ton plastic på verdensplan, og deraf skønner man at 8 millioner ton ender i oceanerne stigende til over 17 millioner ton i 2025^[9]. En undersøgelse i 2014 anslog partikkelforureningen at være på 5,25 10¹² (5,25 billioner) partikler, på en samlet vægt af 269.000 ton^[10].

Mikroplastaffald fra syntetisk tøj

Der sendes små plastfibre ud af vaskemaskiner som har ophav i syntetisk tøj. ^[11] De små plastfibre ophobes i f.eks. fisks celler og bliver f.eks. spist af mennesker.

Referencer

^ Mere plastik end plankton Arkiveret 25. april 2009 hos Wayback Machine (Metroexpress.dk)
^ Gigantisk plastik-ø i Stillehavet under lup (Ekstrabladet.dk)
^ Sea Education Association (2010, August 20). Widespread floating plastic debris found in the western North Atlantic Ocean. ScienceDaily. Retrieved August 21, 2010 Citat: "...One surprising finding is that the concentration of floating plastic debris has not increased during the 22-year period of the study, despite the fact that the plastic disposal has increased substantially. The whereabouts of the "missing plastic" is unknown..."
^ "31. mar 2014, ing.dk: Jagten på vragdele fra MH370 drukner i affaldssuppe". Arkiveret fra originalen 31. marts 2014. Hentet 31. marts 2014.
^ 11.03.2010, National Geographic News: Kæmpe affaldsø opdaget i Atlanterhavet, 24 February 2010, BBC News: Plastic rubbish blights Atlantic Ocean
^ University of California – San Diego (2011, July 1). Plastic found in nine percent of 'garbage patch' fishes: Tens of thousands of tons of debris annually ingested. ScienceDaily Citat: "...9.2 percent of the stomach contents of mid-water fishes contained plastic debris, primarily broken-down bits smaller than a human fingernail. The researchers say the majority of the stomach plastic pieces were so small their origin could not be determined..."
^ "30. maj 2014, ing.dk: Biologer slår alarm: Sild og muslinger er fyldt med plastaffald. Små stykker plast findes nu i stort set alle dele af økosystemet i danske farvande, og forskerne frygter for usynlige påvirkninger af fundamentale organismer". Arkiveret fra originalen 3. november 2014. Hentet 3. november 2014. {{cite web}}: soft hyphen character i |title= på position 144 (hjælp)
^ École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (2013, May 29). Microplastic pollution prevalent in lakes, too. ScienceDaily Citat: "..."We were surprised to find such high concentrations of microplastics, especially in an environmentally aware country like Switzerland," says first author Florian Faure from EPFL...In this preliminary study, the amount of debris caught in Lake Geneva using the manta trawl was comparable to measurements made in the Mediterranean Sea..."
^ Millioner tons plastik forsvinder i havet. Politiken 2015
^ There are now 5.25 trillion pieces of plastic in the ocean, study estimates. Science Alert 2014
^ 27 January 2012, BBC News: Accumulating 'microplastic' threat to shores Citat: "..."Once the plastics had been eaten, it transferred from [the animals'] stomachs to their circulation system and actually accumulated in their cells," he told BBC News..."We were quite surprised. Some polyester garments released more than 1,900 fibres per garment, per wash," Dr Browne observed..."

Eksterne henvisninger

Wikimedia Commons har flere filer relateret til Havaffald
NOAA Marine Debris Program – US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Marine Debris Abatement – US Environmental Protection Agency
Marine Research, Education and Restoration – Algalita Marine Research Foundation
Beach Litter – UK Marine Conservation Society
environment.gov.au: Harmful Marine Debris

[1] Mere plastik end plankton Arkiveret 25. april 2009 hos Wayback Machine (Metroexpress.dk)

[2] Gigantisk plastik-ø i Stillehavet under lup (Ekstrabladet.dk)

[3] Sea Education Association (2010, August 20). Widespread floating plastic debris found in the western North Atlantic Ocean. ScienceDaily. Retrieved August 21, 2010 Citat: "...One surprising finding is that the concentration of floating plastic debris has not increased during the 22-year period of the study, despite the fact that the plastic disposal has increased substantially. The whereabouts of the "missing plastic" is unknown..."

[4] "31. mar 2014, ing.dk: Jagten på vragdele fra MH370 drukner i affaldssuppe". Arkiveret fra originalen 31. marts 2014. Hentet 31. marts 2014.

[5] 11.03.2010, National Geographic News: Kæmpe affaldsø opdaget i Atlanterhavet, 24 February 2010, BBC News: Plastic rubbish blights Atlantic Ocean

[6] University of California – San Diego (2011, July 1). Plastic found in nine percent of 'garbage patch' fishes: Tens of thousands of tons of debris annually ingested. ScienceDaily Citat: "...9.2 percent of the stomach contents of mid-water fishes contained plastic debris, primarily broken-down bits smaller than a human fingernail. The researchers say the majority of the stomach plastic pieces were so small their origin could not be determined..."

[7] "30. maj 2014, ing.dk: Biologer slår alarm: Sild og muslinger er fyldt med plastaffald. Små stykker plast findes nu i stort set alle dele af økosystemet i danske farvande, og forskerne frygter for usynlige påvirkninger af fundamentale organismer". Arkiveret fra originalen 3. november 2014. Hentet 3. november 2014. {{cite web}}: soft hyphen character i |title= på position 144 (hjælp)

[8] École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (2013, May 29). Microplastic pollution prevalent in lakes, too. ScienceDaily Citat: "..."We were surprised to find such high concentrations of microplastics, especially in an environmentally aware country like Switzerland," says first author Florian Faure from EPFL...In this preliminary study, the amount of debris caught in Lake Geneva using the manta trawl was comparable to measurements made in the Mediterranean Sea..."

[9] Millioner tons plastik forsvinder i havet. Politiken 2015

[10] There are now 5.25 trillion pieces of plastic in the ocean, study estimates. Science Alert 2014

[11] 27 January 2012, BBC News: Accumulating 'microplastic' threat to shores Citat: "..."Once the plastics had been eaten, it transferred from [the animals'] stomachs to their circulation system and actually accumulated in their cells," he told BBC News..."We were quite surprised. Some polyester garments released more than 1,900 fibres per garment, per wash," Dr Browne observed..."

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