Hagebøsse
En hagebøsse også kendt som en håndkanon er den første rigtige type skydevåben, og efterfølgeren til ildlansen.[1] Det er den ældste type små skydevåben samt den mekanisk mest simple type, idet den i den simpleste form består af et metalløb. Til forskel fra skydevåben med luntelås kræver den direkte manuel antænding af krudtet i fænghullet, og har ikke nogen form for affyringsmekanisme. Det kan betragtes som en forløber for håndvåben og geværer. Hagebøssen var vidt udbredt i Kina fra 1200-tallet og fremefter, og fra slutningen af 1300-tallet i Europa, hvor den blev brugt frem til 1560'erne, hvor de blev suppleret med arkebuser, der var den først type skydevåben med luntelås og aftrækker.[2]
De allertidligste hagebøsser var små kanoner der blev holdt i armene eller på et lille stativ. De udviklede sig til at blive sat på et skaft, så de kunne holdes med den ene hånd mens den anden hånd holdt luntestokken.
Den ældste bevarede hagebøsse fra Danmark er vedelspangbøssen fra omkring år 1400, og den blev fundet i 1859 på voldstedet Vedelspang ved østenden af Langsøen i Sydslesvig.[3]
Galleri
Håndkanon fra Yuan-dynastiet (1271–1368)
- (c) Geni, CC BY-SA 3.0
Rekonstruktion af kanon der skyder med pile, som den optræder i et manuskript fra 1326.
Vesteuropæisk hagebøsse fra 1380. Den er 18 cm lang og vejer 1,04 kg og monteret på et træskaft. Musée de l'Armée, Paris.
Mörkökanonen er et tidligt svensk skydevåben, der blev fundet af en fisker i Østersøen ud for kysten af Södermansland nær Nynäs i 1828. Den er dateret til ca. 1390.
Illustration af en hagebøsse der bliver affyret, fra Bellifortis af Konrad Kyeser, 1405
Hånd-bombard, Frankrig, 1390–1400
Hagebøsse på træskaft Ming-dynastiet, 1505.
En rekonstrueret hagebøsse affyres på Middelaldercentret.
Se også
Referencer
- ^ Patrick 1961, s. 6.
- ^ Andrade 2016, s. 76.
- ^ 18-27mm Lodbøsse. "Vedelspangbøssen".. Nationalmuseet. Hentet 8/4-2022
Litteratur
- Adle, Chahryar (2003), History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in Contrast: from the Sixteenth to the Mid-Nineteenth Century
- Ágoston, Gábor (2008), Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman Empire, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-60391-1
- Agrawal, Jai Prakash (2010), High Energy Materials: Propellants, Explosives and Pyrotechnics, Wiley-VCH
- Andrade, Tonio (2016), The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-13597-7.
- Arnold, Thomas (2001), The Renaissance at War, Cassell & Co, ISBN 978-0-304-35270-8
- Benton, Captain James G. (1862). A Course of Instruction in Ordnance and Gunnery (2 udgave). West Point, New York: Thomas Publications. ISBN 978-1-57747-079-3.
- Brown, G. I. (1998), The Big Bang: A History of Explosives, Sutton Publishing, ISBN 978-0-7509-1878-7.
- Buchanan, Brenda J., red. (2006), Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A Technological History, Aldershot: Ashgate, ISBN 978-0-7546-5259-5
- Chase, Kenneth (2003), Firearms: A Global History to 1700, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-82274-9.
- Cocroft, Wayne (2000), Dangerous Energy: The archaeology of gunpowder and military explosives manufacture, Swindon: English Heritage, ISBN 978-1-85074-718-5
- Cowley, Robert (1993), Experience of War, Laurel.
- Cressy, David (2013), Saltpeter: The Mother of Gunpowder, Oxford University Press
- Crosby, Alfred W. (2002), Throwing Fire: Projectile Technology Through History, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-79158-8.
- Curtis, W. S. (2014), Long Range Shooting: A Historical Perspective, WeldenOwen.
- Earl, Brian (1978), Cornish Explosives, Cornwall: The Trevithick Society, ISBN 978-0-904040-13-5.
- Easton, S. C. (1952), Roger Bacon and His Search for a Universal Science: A Reconsideration of the Life and Work of Roger Bacon in the Light of His Own Stated Purposes, Basil Blackwell
- Ebrey, Patricia B. (1999), The Cambridge Illustrated History of China, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-43519-2
- Grant, R.G. (2011), Battle at Sea: 3,000 Years of Naval Warfare, DK Publishing.
- Hadden, R. Lee. 2005. "Confederate Boys and Peter Monkeys." Armchair General. January 2005. Adapted from a talk given to the Geological Society of America on March 25, 2004.
- Harding, Richard (1999), Seapower and Naval Warfare, 1650–1830, UCL Press Limited
- al-Hassan, Ahmad Y. (2001), "Potassium Nitrate in Arabic and Latin Sources", History of Science and Technology in Islam, hentet 23. juli 2007.
- Hobson, John M. (2004), The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation, Cambridge University Press.
- Johnson, Norman Gardner. "explosive". Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
- Kelly, Jack (2004), Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, & Pyrotechnics: The History of the Explosive that Changed the World, Basic Books, ISBN 978-0-465-03718-6.
- Khan, Iqtidar Alam (1996), "Coming of Gunpowder to the Islamic World and North India: Spotlight on the Role of the Mongols", Journal of Asian History, 30: 41-5.
- Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2004), Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India, Oxford University Press
- Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2008), Historical Dictionary of Medieval India, The Scarecrow Press, Inc., ISBN 978-0-8108-5503-8
- Kinard, Jeff (2007), Artillery An Illustrated History of its Impact
- Konstam, Angus (2002), Renaissance War Galley 1470-1590, Osprey Publisher Ltd..
- Liang, Jieming (2006), Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity, Singapore, Republic of Singapore: Leong Kit Meng, ISBN 978-981-05-5380-7
- Lidin, Olaf G. (2002), Tanegashima – The Arrival of Europe in Japan, Nordic Inst of Asian Studies, ISBN 978-8791114120
- Lorge, Peter A. (2008), The Asian Military Revolution: from Gunpowder to the Bomb, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-60954-8
- Lu, Gwei-Djen (1988), "The Oldest Representation of a Bombard", Technology and Culture, 29 (3): 594-605, doi:10.2307/3105275, JSTOR 3105275
- McLachlan, Sean (2010), Medieval Handgonnes
- McNeill, William Hardy (1992), The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community, University of Chicago Press.
- Morillo, Stephen (2008), War in World History: Society, Technology, and War from Ancient Times to the Present, Volume 1, To 1500, McGraw-Hill, ISBN 978-0-07-052584-9
- Needham, Joseph (1980), Science & Civilisation in China, vol. 5 pt. 4, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-08573-1
- Needham, Joseph (1986), Science & Civilisation in China, vol. V:7: The Gunpowder Epic, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-30358-3.
- Nicolle, David (1990), The Mongol Warlords: Ghengis Khan, Kublai Khan, Hulegu, Tamerlane
- Nolan, Cathal J. (2006), The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650: an Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization, Vol 1, A-K, vol. 1, Westport & London: Greenwood Press, ISBN 978-0-313-33733-8
- Norris, John (2003), Early Gunpowder Artillery: 1300–1600, Marlborough: The Crowood Press.
- Partington, J. R. (1960), A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder, Cambridge, UK: W. Heffer & Sons.
- Partington, J. R. (1999), A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 978-0-8018-5954-0
- Patrick, John Merton (1961), Artillery and warfare during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, Utah State University Press.
- Pauly, Roger (2004), Firearms: The Life Story of a Technology, Greenwood Publishing Group.
- Perrin, Noel (1979), Giving up the Gun, Japan's reversion to the Sword, 1543–1879, Boston: David R. Godine, ISBN 978-0-87923-773-8
- Petzal, David E. (2014), The Total Gun Manual (Canadian edition), WeldonOwen.
- Phillips, Henry Prataps (2016), The History and Chronology of Gunpowder and Gunpowder Weapons (c.1000 to 1850), Notion Press
- Purton, Peter (2010), A History of the Late Medieval Siege, 1200–1500, Boydell Press, ISBN 978-1-84383-449-6
- Robins, Benjamin (1742), New Principles of Gunnery
- Rose, Susan (2002), Medieval Naval Warfare 1000-1500, Routledge
- Roy, Kaushik (2015), Warfare in Pre-British India, Routledge
- Schmidtchen, Volker (1977a), "Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit", Technikgeschichte 44 (2): 153–173 (153–157)
- Schmidtchen, Volker (1977b), "Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit", Technikgeschichte 44 (3): 213–237 (226–228)
- Tran, Nhung Tuyet (2006), Viêt Nam Borderless Histories, University of Wisconsin Press.
- Turnbull, Stephen (2003), Fighting Ships Far East (2: Japan and Korea Ad 612–1639, Osprey Publishing, ISBN 978-1-84176-478-8
- Urbanski, Tadeusz (1967), Chemistry and Technology of Explosives, vol. III, New York: Pergamon Press.
- Villalon, L. J. Andrew (2008), The Hundred Years War (part II): Different Vistas, Brill Academic Pub, ISBN 978-90-04-16821-3
- Wagner, John A. (2006), The Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War, Westport & London: Greenwood Press, ISBN 978-0-313-32736-0
- Watson, Peter (2006), Ideas: A History of Thought and Invention, from Fire to Freud, Harper Perennial (2006), ISBN 978-0-06-093564-1
- Willbanks, James H. (2004), Machine guns: an illustrated history of their impact, ABC-CLIO, Inc.
Eksterne henvisninger
- Wikimedia Commons har flere filer relateret til Hagebøsse
- Handgonnes and Matchlocks Arkiveret 19. januar 2015 hos Wayback Machine
- Ulrich Bretschler's Blackpowder Page
- Maitre Jehan de Montsiler – the first recorded hand gunner
Medier brugt på denne side
Forfatter/Opretter: Flickr user Gary Todd, Licens: CC0
A Ming hand cannon from 1505.
Hand cannon lighted by a hot iron rod being fired from a stand, manuscript by Konrad Kyeser: Bellifortis. Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2° Cod. Ms. philos. 63 Cim. 1402-1404
Forfatter/Opretter: FabioRomanoni, Licens: CC BY-SA 4.0
Bronze gun made in Mantua in 1322 and now lost. Image taken from: A. Angelucci, Documenti inediti per la storia delle armi da fuoco italiane, I, Turin, 1869.
Forfatter/Opretter: , Licens: CC BY-SA 4.0
Forfatter/Opretter: unknown, Licens: CC BY-SA 3.0
The so calleded Mörkö handgonne, from Sweden. A medieval hand cannon of casted bronze. Calibre 21 mm. Found by a fisherman in the Baltic Sea at the coast of Södermansland near Nynäs before 1828. Decorated with a fully plastic bearded mans head above the touch hole and a religous inscription in gothic minuscle MARIA several times.
Forfatter/Opretter: Samuraiantiqueworld, Licens: CC BY-SA 3.0
10 shot hand cannon (handgonne), unknown age and origin.
Forfatter/Opretter: Toxophilus, Licens: CC BY-SA 3.0
Hagebøsse (tidligt gevær) affyres på Middelaldercentret ved Nykøbing Falster
Dictionnaire raisonné du mobilier français de l'époque carlovingienne à la Renaissance - illustration Tome 6
Forfatter/Opretter: PHGCOM, Licens: CC BY-SA 3.0
Hand Bombard Western Europe 1380
Forfatter/Opretter: Ytrottier, Licens: CC BY-SA 3.0
old Chinese Hand Cannon on display at the Shaanxi history museum in Xi'An, China. The placard reads "Bronze firearm, Yuan dynasty (1271-1368 ACE)". Photo taken by Yannick Trottier, 2007.
Forfatter/Opretter: unknown, Licens: Copyrighted free use
The so called Tannenberg handgonne (German: Tannenbergbüchse). Casted bronze. Calibre 15-16 mm. A medieval hand cannon found in the water well of the 1399 destroyed Tannenberg castle. The Tannenberg handgonne is the oldest survived firearm from Germany.