Funktionel gruppe

I kemi er en funktionel gruppe den del af et molekyle som bestemmer molekylets kemiske egenskaber og dermed hvilke reaktioner molekylet kan deltage i. Et molekyle kan indeholde mere end en funktionel gruppe, eller slet ingen.

Klasse	Gruppe	Formel	Strukturformel	Præfiks	Suffiks	Eksempel
Acylhalid (syreklorid)	Haloformyl	RCOX		haloformyl-	-oylhalid	Acetylklorid (Ethanoylklorid)
Alkohol	Hydroxyl	ROH	Hydroxyl	hydroxy-	-ol	Methanol
Aldehyd	Aldehyd	RCHO		oxo-	-al	Acetaldehyd (Ethanal)
Alkan	Alkyl	RH		alkyl-	-an	Methan
Alken	Alkenyl	R₂C=CR₂		alkenyl-	-en	Ethylen (Ethen)
Alkyn	Alkynyl	RC≡CR'		alkynyl-	-yn	Acetylen (Ethyn)
Amid	Carboxamid	RCONR₂		carboxamido-	-amid	Acetamid (Ethanamid)
Aminer	Primær amin	RNH₂		amino-	-amin	Metylamin (Methanamin)
	Sekundær amin	R₂NH		amino-	-amin	Dimethylamin
	Tertiær amin	R₃N		amino-	-amin	Trimethylamin
	Kvarternær ammoniumkation	R₄N⁺		ammonio-	-ammonium	Kolin
Azoforbindelse	Azo (Diimid)	RN₂R'		azo-	-diazen	Methylorange (p-dimethylamino- azobenzensulfonsyre)
Toluenderivater	Benzyl	RCH₂C₆H₅ RBn		benzyl-	1-(substituent)toluen	Benzylbromid (1-Bromtoluen)
Carbonat	Carbonatester	ROCOOR			alkyl carbonat
Carboxylat	Carboxylat	RCOO⁻	Carboxylat	carboxy-	-oat	Natriumacetat (Natriumethanoat)
Carboxylsyre	Carboxyl	RCOOH		carboxy-	-(carboxyl)syre	Eddikesyre (Ethansyre)
Cyanater	Cyanat	ROCN		cyanato-	alkyl cyanat
Cyanater	Thiocyanat	RSCN		thiocyanato-	alkyl thiocyanat
Æter	Æter	ROR'	Æter	alkoxy-	alkyl-alkyl-æter	Diætylæter (Ethoxyethan)
Ester	Ester	RCOOR'			alkyl-alkanoate	Ætylbutyrat (Ætylbutanoat)
Haloalkan	Halo	RX		halo-	alkylhalid	Chlorethan (Ætylklorid)
Hydroperoxid	Hydroperoxy	ROOH		hydroperoxy-	alkylhydroperoxid	Methylethylketonperoxid
Imin	Primær ketimin	RC(=NH)R'		imino-	-imin
	Sekundær ketimin	RC(=NR)R'		imino-	-imin
	Primær aldimin	RC(=NH)H		imino-	-imin
	Sekundær aldimin	RC(=NR')H		imino-	-imin
Isocyanid	Isocyanid	RNC		isocyano-	alkylisocyanid
Isocyanater	Isocyanat	RNCO		isocyanato-	alkylisocyanat	Methylisocyanat
Isocyanater	Isothiocyanat	RNCS		isothiocyanato-	alkylisothiocyanat	Allylisothiocyanat
Keton	Carbonyl	RCOR'		keto-, oxo-	-on	Methylethylketon (Butanon)
Nitrat	Nitrat	RONO₂		nitrooxy-, nitroxy-	alkylnitrat	Amylnitrat (1-nitrooxypentan)
Nitril	Nitril	RCN		cyano-	alkannitril alkylcyanid	Benzonitril (Phenylcyanid)
Nitrit	Nitrosooxy	RONO		nitrosooxy-	alkylnitrit	Amylnitrit (3-methyl-1-nitrosooxybutan)
Nitroforbindelse	Nitro	RNO₂		nitro-		Nitromethan
Nitrosoforbindelse	Nitroso	RNO		nitroso-		Nitrosobenzen
Peroxid	Peroxy	ROOR		peroxy-	alkylperoxid	Di-tert-butylperoxid
Benzenderivater	Phenyl	RC₆H₅		phenyl-	-benzen	Cumene (2-phenylpropan)
Fosfin	Fosfino	R₃P		phosphino-	-phosphan	Methylpropylphosphan
Fosfodiester	Fosfat	HOPO(OR)₂		fosforsyre- di(substituent)ester	di(substituent)- hydrogenfosfat	DNA
Phosphosyre	Phosphono	RP(=O)(OH)₂		phosphono-	substituent phosphonsyre	Benzylphosphonic acid
Fosfat	Fosfat	ROP(=O)(OH)₂		phospho-		Glyceraldehyd-3-fosfat
Pyridinderivater	Pyridyl	RC₅H₄N		4-pyridyl (pyridin-4-yl) 3-pyridyl (pyridin-3-yl) 2-pyridyl (pyridin-2-yl)	-pyridin	Nicotin
Sulfid		RSR'			di(substituent)sulfid	Dimethylsulfid
Sulfon	Sulfonyl	RSO₂R'		sulfonyl-	di(substituent)- sulfon	Dimethylsulfon (Metylsulfonylmetan)
Sulfonsyre	Sulfo	RSO₃H		sulfo-	substituent- sulfonsyre	Benzensulfonsyre
Sulfoxid	Sulfinyl	RSOR'		sulfinyl-	di(substituent)- sulfoxid	Difenylsulfoxid
Thiol	Sulfhydryl	RSH		mercapto-, sulfanyl-	-thiol	Ethanthiol (Ethylmercaptan)

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