Celledifferentiering

Celledifferentiering.
Eksempler på celledifferentiering er udviklingslinierne fra stamcelle til blodlegemer

Ved celledifferentiering forstås en organismes evne til at udvikle forskellige celleformer med forskellige funktioner, ud fra ensartede stamceller eller fosterceller,[1] som ved differentieringen normalt bliver mere specialiserede.[2][3] Processen foregår hyppigt under udviklingen af en flercellet organisme, som ændres fra en enkelt befrugtet ægcelle, en zygote, og til et komplekst system af vævs- og celletyper. Hos voksne individer findes adulte stamceller, som ved differentiering kan blive til specialiserede datterceller, idet cellerne undergår dramatiske ændringer i størrelse, form, stofskife og evne til at opfatte signaler fra omgivelserne, fx som følge af at være udsat for antigener. Celledifferentiering fører med få undtagelser aldrig til ændring i cellens DNA.

Referencer

  1. ^ Steen Olsen: celledifferentiering i Den Store Danske, Gyldendal. Hentet 26. januar 2020 fra http://denstoredanske.dk/index.php?sideId=55262
  2. ^ Slack, J.M.W. (2013) Essential Developmental Biology. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford.
  3. ^ Slack, J.M.W. (2007). "Metaplasia and transdifferentiation: from pure biology to the clinic". Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 8 (5): 369-378. doi:10.1038/nrm2146. PMID 17377526.
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Hematopoiesis (human) diagram en.svg
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Mikael Häggström, M.D., Licens: CC BY-SA 3.0

This diagram shows the hematopoiesis as it occurs in humans. It may look incomplete when rendered directly from WikiMedia. Reference list is found at: File:Hematopoiesis (human) diagram.png

  • The morphological characteristics of the hematopoietic cells are shown as seen in a Wright’s stain, May-Giemsa stain or May-Grünwald-Giemsa stain. Alternative names of certain cells are indicated between parentheses.
  • Certain cells may have more than one characteristic appearance. In these cases, more than one representation of the same cell has been included.
  • Together, the monocyte and the lymphocytes comprise the agranulocytes, as opposed to the granulocytes (basophil, neutrophil and eosinophil) that are produced during granulopoiesis.
  • B., N. and E. stand for Basophilic, Neutrophilic and Eosinophilic, respectively – as in Basophilic promyelocyte. For lymphocytes, the T and B are actual designations.

  [1] The polychromatic erythrocyte (reticulocyte) at the right shows its characteristic appearance when stained with methylene blue or Azure B.
[2] The erythrocyte at the right is a more accurate representation of its appearance in reality when viewed through a microscope.
[3] Other cells that arise from the monocyte: osteoclast, microglia (central nervous system), Langerhans cell (epidermis), Kupffer cell (liver).

[4] For clarity, the T and B lymphocyte are split to better indicate that the plasma cell arises from the B-cell. Note that there is no difference in the appearance of B- and T-cells unless specific staining is applied.
Final stem cell differentiation (1).svg
Forfatter/Opretter: Haileyfournier, Licens: CC BY-SA 4.0
Stem cells are able to change and transform into other types of cells found in the body. This process is cell differentiation and is in charge of the development of all of the cells in one’s body. This means that stem cells can differentiate into muscle cells, fat cells, bone cells, blood cells, nervous cells, epithelial cells, immune cells, sex cells, and more.