Blå zone

En blå zone er et ensartet afgrænset geografisk område, hvor populationen har samme livsstil og miljø og hvor populationen i snit lever et exceptionelt længere liv.^[1]

Konceptet udgår fra et demografisk værk forfattet af Gianni Pes og Michel Poulain,^[2] der identificer Sardiniens Nuoro provins som regionen med den højeste koncentration af mandlige hundredårige. Under udarbejdelsen af værket fokuserede de to forfattere på en gruppe af landsbyer med den højeste livslængde; de tegnede koncentriske blå cirkler på landkortet, og begyndte at referere til området i cirklen som den blå zone.

Dan Buettner har identificeret områder med høj livslængde i Okinawa i Japan, Sardinien i Italien, Nicoya i Costa Rica, Ikaria i Grækenland og blandt Syvende Dags Adventister i Loma Linda i Californien, og giver en forklaring baseret på empiriske data samt førstehånds observationer på, hvorfor disse befolkningsgrupper lever sundere og længere liv.

Kritik

Konceptet med blå zone-samfund med en exceptionel lang levetid er blevet udfordret af fraværet af evidensbaseret information.^[3] Det er også blevet sat spørgsmålstegn ved det betydelige fald i den forventede levealder i det 21. århundrede i Okinawa, hvor analysen konkluderer, at "mandlig levetid er nu rangeret som nummer 26 blandt de 47 præfekturer i Japan".^[4] En undersøgelse fra 2011 af Poulain for at validere påstandene om lang levetid i Okinawa var ude af stand til at verificere, om beboerne var så gamle, som de rapporterede på grund af mange optegnelser, der ikke overlevede Anden Verdenskrig.^[5]

Harriet Hall, der skrev for Science-Based Medicine, udtalte, at der ikke er nogen kontrollerede undersøgelser af ældre mennesker i de blå zoner, og at diæter i blå zone er baseret på spekulationer, ikke beviser gennem en streng videnskabelig metode.^[3]

Referencer

^ Poulain, Michel; Herm, Anne; Pes, Gianni. The Blue Zones: areas of exceptional longevity around the world in: Vienna Yearbook of Population Research, vol. 11, 2013, p. 87–108. backup Citat: "...These populations succeeded in maintaining a traditional lifestyle implying an intense physical activity that extends beyond the age of 80, a reduced level of stress and intensive family and community support for their oldest olds as well as the consumption of locally produced food...Based on a strict validation method, the ages of Sardinian centenarians were thoroughly proven to be correct (Poulain et al. 2006)...[definition:] In practice, a blue zone (BZ) is defined as a rather limited and homogenous geographical area where the population shares the same lifestyle and environment and its longevity has been proved to be exceptionally high. [] Other validated BZs have been found so far in Okinawa (Japan), on the Nicoya peninsula (Costa Rica) and on the island of Ikaria (Greece)...The extreme longevity area identified in Sardinia and named as Blue Zone (BZ) includes a group of 14 villages in Barbagia and Ogliastra, covering the highest mountain area of Sardinia.4...Starting from 2005, in cooperation with D. Buettner, a journalist writing for National Geographic, the BZ concept was extended to other relevant regions of the earth (Buettner 2012). Exceptional longevity at population level has been identified and validated so far in three other settings: the island of Okinawa in Japan, the peninsula of Nicoya in Costa Rica and the island of Ikaria in Greece (Figures 3)..."
^ Poulain M.; Pes G.M.; Grasland C.; Carru C.; Ferucci L.; Baggio G.; Franceschi C.; Deiana L. (2004). "Identification of a Geographic Area Characterized by Extreme Longevity in the Sardinia Island: the AKEA study". Experimental Gerontology. 39 (9): 1423-1429. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2004.06.016. PMID 15489066.
^ ^a ^b Hall Harriet (2021). "Blue Zones Diet: Speculation Based on Misinformation". Science-Based Medicine. Hentet 15. oktober 2021.
^ Hokama, Tomiko; Binns, Colin (oktober 2008). "Declining longevity advantage and low birthweight in Okinawa". Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health. 20 Suppl: 95-101. PMID 19533867.
^ Poulain, Michel (21. juli 2011). "Exceptional Longevity in Okinawa:: A Plea for In-depth Validation". Demographic Research. 25 (7): 245-284. doi:10.4054/DemRes.2011.25.7.

Spire

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[:0-1] Poulain, Michel; Herm, Anne; Pes, Gianni. The Blue Zones: areas of exceptional longevity around the world in: Vienna Yearbook of Population Research, vol. 11, 2013, p. 87–108. backup Citat: "...These populations succeeded in maintaining a traditional lifestyle implying an intense physical activity that extends beyond the age of 80, a reduced level of stress and intensive family and community support for their oldest olds as well as the consumption of locally produced food...Based on a strict validation method, the ages of Sardinian centenarians were thoroughly proven to be correct (Poulain et al. 2006)...[definition:] In practice, a blue zone (BZ) is defined as a rather limited and homogenous geographical area where the population shares the same lifestyle and environment and its longevity has been proved to be exceptionally high. [] Other validated BZs have been found so far in Okinawa (Japan), on the Nicoya peninsula (Costa Rica) and on the island of Ikaria (Greece)...The extreme longevity area identified in Sardinia and named as Blue Zone (BZ) includes a group of 14 villages in Barbagia and Ogliastra, covering the highest mountain area of Sardinia.4...Starting from 2005, in cooperation with D. Buettner, a journalist writing for National Geographic, the BZ concept was extended to other relevant regions of the earth (Buettner 2012). Exceptional longevity at population level has been identified and validated so far in three other settings: the island of Okinawa in Japan, the peninsula of Nicoya in Costa Rica and the island of Ikaria in Greece (Figures 3)..."

[2] Poulain M.; Pes G.M.; Grasland C.; Carru C.; Ferucci L.; Baggio G.; Franceschi C.; Deiana L. (2004). "Identification of a Geographic Area Characterized by Extreme Longevity in the Sardinia Island: the AKEA study". Experimental Gerontology. 39 (9): 1423-1429. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2004.06.016. PMID 15489066.

[hall-3] Hall Harriet (2021). "Blue Zones Diet: Speculation Based on Misinformation". Science-Based Medicine. Hentet 15. oktober 2021.

[hokama-4] Hokama, Tomiko; Binns, Colin (oktober 2008). "Declining longevity advantage and low birthweight in Okinawa". Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health. 20 Suppl: 95-101. PMID 19533867.

[poulain11-5] Poulain, Michel (21. juli 2011). "Exceptional Longevity in Okinawa:: A Plea for In-depth Validation". Demographic Research. 25 (7): 245-284. doi:10.4054/DemRes.2011.25.7.

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