Bemandet rummission
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En bemandet rummission er en mission i rummet, hvor der er mennesker om bord. I modsætning til ubemandede missioner kræver bemandede missioner ekstra udstyr til overlevelse, men mindre fjernkontrol og robotaktivitet da kontrollen delvist kan udføres af rummissions besætning.
Et rumfartøj med besætning skal sikres til menneskekroppens fysiologiske krav: kabinetryk, respiration, vand og anden ernæring, samt mulighed for toilet-besøg og hvile. Til en rumvandring, uden for rumfartøjet, er der yderligere krav blandt andre en rumdragt.
I dag 2008 eksisterer der fire rum-projekter med bemanding; det russiske Sojuz program, det amerikanske Rumfærge program, det kinesiske Shenzhou program og Den Internationale Rumstation. Den måske mest kendte serie af bemandede rummissioner er Apollo-missionerne fra 1969 til 1972 til Månen.
Astronaut tissede i bukserne
Det lyder nok som en selvfølge at et bemandet rumfartøj skal sikres til menneskekroppens fysiologiske krav, men NASA glemte faktisk et vigtigt element da deres første astronaut blev sendt af sted i 1961. Mens Alan Shepard ventede på afgang i fartøjet Freedom 7 gik der fire timer, Shepard blev tissetrængende og anmodede kontrolcenteret om at få lov til at forlade fartøjet for et kort toilet-besøg. Da kontrolcenteret ikke gav ham lov, valgte han at lade vandet i sin rumdragt, forinden blev der dog slukket for elektronikken i rumdragten[1][2]. Bleer blev senere en del af udstyret på rummissioner, de bæres under opsendelse, landing og under rumvandringer, rumdragten er desuden udstyret med en dunk drikkevand.[3]
Se også
- Liste over Bemandede rumflyvninger
- Liste over Bemandede rumflyvninger i 1960'erne
- Liste over Bemandede rumflyvninger i 1970'erne
- Lynx raketfly
Eksterne henvisninger
- ^ Mercury-programmet, del 1 Arkiveret 7. oktober 2007 hos Wayback Machine romfart.no (norsk)
- ^ Se filmklip med Alan Shepard i Freedom 7 YouTube
- ^ Factfile: Walking in space BBC (engelsk)
Billeder fra bemandede rummissioner
Astronaut med iltmaske.
Besætningen indtager et måltid på en rumstation.
Gåtur på på månen.
Et kontrolpanel på en rumstation.
En astronaut i rumdragt, trykket i rumdragten er ved at blive justeret.
Rumvandrer iført en rumdragt.
En kosmonaut ser gennem vindue fra en rumstation.
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A drawing of NASA's Space Shuttle Challenger. Image provided by Dryden Flight Research Center at Edwards Air Force Base, California. See [1], specifically EG-0076-04.eps.
Orbiter Discovery is riding on its main landing gear as it lowers its nose wheel after touching down on Runway 33 at the Shuttle Landing Facility. Main gear touchdown was at 12:04 p.m. EST, landing on orbit 135.
Discovery returns to Earth with its crew of seven after successfully completing mission STS-95, lasting nearly nine days and 3.6 million miles. The crew includes mission commander Curtis L. Brown, Jr.; pilot Steven W. Lindsey, mission specialists Scott E. Parazynski, Stephen K. Robinson, with the European Space Agency (ESA); payload specialist Chiaki Mukai, with the National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA); and payload specialist John H. Glenn, Jr., a senator from Ohio and one of the original seven Project Mercury astronauts.
The mission included research payloads such as the Spartan-201 solar-observing deployable spacecraft, the Hubble Space Telescope Orbital Systems Test Platform, the International Extreme Ultraviolet Hitchhiker, as well as a SPACEHAB single module with experiments on space flight and the aging process.Forfatter/Opretter: Askeuhd, Licens: CC BY-SA 4.0
Astronaut Bruce McCandless II, mission specialist, participates in a extra-vehicular activity (EVA), a few meters away from the cabin of Space Shuttle Challenger. He is using a nitrogen-propelled hand-controlled Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU). He is performing this EVA without being tethered to the shuttle. The picture shows a cloud view of the Earth in the background.
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Forfatter/Opretter: Askeuhd, Licens: CC BY-SA 4.0
STS057-89-67 - Against the blackness of space, Mission Specialist Peter J.K. Wisoff, wearing an extravehicular mobility unit, stands on a Portable Foot Restraint (PFR), Manipulator Foot Restraint (MFR) attached to the End Effector of the Remote Manipulator System (RMS), colloquially known as the "robot arm". Wisoff is being maneuvered above the payload bay of Endeavour as part of Detailed Test Objective (DTO) extravehicular activity procedures. DTO results will assist in refining several procedures being developed to service the Hubble Space Telescope on mission STS-61 in December 1993. The Earth's surface and the Endeavour payload bay are reflected in Wisoff's helmet visor.
Skylab 2 astronauts eat space food in wardroom of Skylab trainer
- The three members of the prime crew of the first manned Skylab mission dine on specially prepared Skylab space food in the wardroom of the crew quarters of the Skylab Orbital Workshop (OWS) trainer during Skylab training at the Johnson Space Center. They are, left to right, Scientist-Astronaut Joseph P. Kerwin, science pilot; Astronaut Paul J. Weitz, pilot; and Astronaut Charles Conrad Jr., commander.
Space Station Mir - Astronaut Jerry Linenger wears a respirator mask following the 1997 fire aboard Mir.
Flight deck of space shuttle Discovery during STS-116.
STS-116 Shuttle Mission Imagery
Astronauts Mark L. Polansky (left) and William A. (Bill) Oefelein, STS-116 commander and pilot, respectively, look over procedures checklists on the forward flight deck of Space Shuttle Discovery during flight day 13 activities. Note that the bottom has been trimmed off from the original image linked below.
Cosmonaut Valeriy V. Polyakov, who boarded Russia's Mir space
station on January 8, 1994, looks out Mir's window during
rendezvous operations with the Space Shuttle Discovery.