Arikara
Arikara-stammen er en nordamerikansk indianerstamme i Fort Berthold reservatet i North Dakota. Den deler reservatet med to andre stammer: Mandan og hidatsa. Fælles for de tre stammer var en næsten ens levevis gennem århundreder som byindianere med små og større byer og opdyrkede arealer i nærtliggende floddale tæt på Missouri River.[1]
Arikaraernes sprog hører til gruppen af caddoanske sprog.[1] Deres navn for dem selv er sahnish.[2] ”Arikara” forkortes sommetider til ”ree”.
Historie
Arikaraerne og pawnee-indianerne i Nebraska skilte sig ud fra hinanden engang før 1650[3] for at danne to selvstændige stammer.[1] [4] På et tidspunkt før 1750 led en bygruppe øst for Missouri River et stort nederlag. I 1790erne holdt arikaraerne til i nærheden af Cheyenne River i South Dakota.[1] Herfra rykkede stammen generelt nordpå under pres fra fjendtlige indianere.[1] [3]
1800-tals historie
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Arikaraernes to byer af jordhytter ved Grand River i South Dakota var målet for den amerikanske hærs angreb i august 1823, som den fik massiv støtte til af flere hundrede siouxer. To år senere indgik stammen og U.S.A. en aldrig brudt fredsaftale.[1] Stammen var part i Fort Laramie traktaten (1851).[1]
Et forsøg på at starte en ny by, Star Village, tæt ved mandanerne og hidatsaerne i foråret 1862 blev opgivet efter en kamp i byen med besøgende siouxer i august. Arikaraerne forlod Star Village og levede side om side med mandanerne og hidatsaerne i en fælles by, Like-a-Fishhook Village, i det centrale North Dakota.[1]
Generet af især forskellige sioux-grupper, deriblandt lakotaerne, bad den lille arikara-stamme om militær støtte fra U.S.A. op gennem 1850erne og 1860erne.[1] [5] Specielt i 1870erne bakkede stammen selv hæren aktivt op. Spejdere fra arikara-stammen gjorde tjeneste i militærstationerne Fort Stevenson og Fort Abraham Lincoln i North Dakota, hvor de kom i kamp med lakotaer.[5] I 1876 fulgte over tredive arikaraer[5] oberstløjtnant George A. Custer og hans hærdeling på vejen til Little Bighorn River i crow-indianernes reservat i Montana,[6] der var invaderet af fjendtlige lakotaer og cheyenner.[6]
1900-tals historie
Da arikaraernes gamle begravelsesplads for veteraner tæt ved den forladte Like-a-Fishhook Village blev oversvømmet af den kunstigt skabte sø Lake Sakakawea i 1954, indviede stammen en ny begravelsesplads et andet sted i reservatet. Den hedder Indian Scout Post No.1.
Religion
Skabelsen
Jorden blev skabt med mudder hentet op af en and fra bunden af en mægtig sø.[7]
Nessanu (Chief Above eller Creator) oversvømmede siden skuffet Jorden for at erstatte et ugudeligt folk af kæmper med religiøse mennesker. Arikaraerne eksisterede da kun som ufuldstændige væsener i Jordens indre; nogle beretninger omtaler dem som majs-kim gemt af Nessanu, skaberen.[7] (Arikaraernes skabelsesberetning findes i flere udgaver uden væsentlige forskelle.)[7]
Arikaraerne befolker Jorden
Jordens mørke og trange indre var længe opholdssted for alle levende væsener og alt, der groede. Alle skabninger var i en ufuldkommen tilstand og længtes efter videreudvikling og selvudfoldelse, og de stræbte efter lys og plads. Ved at bede og tænke over deres situation håbede de indespærrede at kunne forbedre deres lod.[8]
Nesaanu[9] forvandlede en majskolbe fra sin himmelske have til en kvinde og sendte hende til Jorden. Denne Mother Corn (Mor Majs) skulle bistå de indespærrede med at overvinde alle forhindringer på deres vej op ad jorden og videre frem mod en bedre verden.[7]
En muldvarp lykkedes endelig med at grave sig op til jordoverfladen, hvor den blev blindet af Solens lys og trak sig tilbage. Næsten alle andre skabninger fanget i jorden slap ud i det fri gennem hullet, før dette lukkede sig om gofere, grævlinge og andre dyr.[8]
De undslupne startede en vandring mod vest og endte ved et stort vand. De bevingede væsener fløj let over. Resten magtede at dele vandet og gå over, men før de sidste nåede tørt land, skyllede bølgerne tilbage over dem. De er fiskene og de andre levende væsener i vandet.[8]
Den store skare fortsatte til den næste forhindring på vejen, der var en udstrakt, tæt skov. Ved at bede og søge vejledning fandt flere ud på den anden side af vildnisset; men rådyr, træpindsvin og andet levende måtte lære at klare sig under trækronerne.[8]
Nesaanu velsignede derpå arikaraerne og alt andet levende. Skaberen skænkede de troende folk viden om mange ting og gjorde deres liv lettere på flere måder. Arikaraerne modtog et helligt bundt og også en pibe.[8] Når de fremover tændte piben, skulle de ofre røg til alt skabt af Nesaanu for at vise alt levende respekt.[8]
Arikaraerne tændte piben og ofrede røg til alle skabninger, men de glemte to sovende hunde. Disse vågnede og svor hævn over arikaraerne ved altid at følge dem og bide dem. Hundenes navne er Sygdom og Død.[8]
Sådan blev Verden, som den er.[8]
Arikaraer i fiktion
Western-filmen The Revenant med Leonardo DiCaprio i hovedrollen rummer flere opdigtede scener med arikaraer.
Referencer
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Meyer, Roy W.: The Village Indians on the Upper Missouri. Lincoln and London, 1977.
- ^ Yellow Bird, Loren: ”Now I Will Speak (Nawah Ti Waako’). A Sahnish Perspective on What the Lewis and Clark Expedition and Others Missed.” Wicazo Sa Review. Vol. 19, No. 1 (Spring 2004). Pp.73-84.
- ^ a b Johnson, Craig M.: A Chronology of Middle Missouri Plains Village Sites. Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology. No. 47. Washington, D.C., 2007.
- ^ Murie, James R.: Ceremonies of the Pawnee. Part I: The Skiri. Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology. No. 27. City of Washington, 1981.
- ^ a b c van de Logt, Mark.: “Whoever Makes War upon the Rees Will Be Considered Making War upon the 'Great Father': Sanish Military Service on the Northern Great Plains, 1865-1881.” Wicazo Sa Review. Vol. 32, No. 1 (Spring 2017). Pp. 9-28.
- ^ a b Hoxie, Frederick E.: Parading Through History. The making of the Crow Nation in America, 1805-1935.
- ^ a b c d Dorsey, George A.: Traditions of the Arikara. Washington D.C., 1904.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Gilmore, Melvin R.: "Arikara Genesis and its Teachings." Indian Notes. Vol. III, No. 3 (July, 1926). Pp. 188-193.
- ^ Fodnotefejl: Ugyldigt
<ref>-tag; ingen tekst er angivet for referencer med navnetYellow Bird
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Forfatter/Opretter: Indianertosset, Licens: CC BY-SA 3.0
Arikaraernes begravelsesplads for veteraner i Fort Berthold Indian Reservation, North Dakota. Pladsen erstattede den gamle begravelsesplads ved Like-a-Fishhook Village, da denne blev oversvømmet af den kunstigt skabte sø Lake Sakakawea i 1954.
Den sorte hund Død og den hvide hund Sygdom. Ifølge arikaraernes skabelsesberetning følger de to hunde arikaraerne overalt og bider dem, fordi arikaraerne glemte at ære dem under en pipe-ceremoni.
Forfatter/Opretter: Internet Archive Book Images, Licens: No restrictions
Title: Bulletin
Identifier: bulletin3011907smit Year: 1901 (1900s) Authors: Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of American Ethnology Subjects: Ethnology Publisher: Washington : G. P. O. Contributing Library: Smithsonian Libraries Digitizing Sponsor: Smithsonian Libraries
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Text Appearing Before Image: 84 ARIKARA [b. a. e. liers and living in three villages between Grand and Cannonball rs., Dak. By 1851 they had moved up to the vicinity of Heart r. It is not proba])le that this rapid rate of movement obtained during migi-ations prior to the settlement of the Atlantic coast by the English. The steady westward pressure of the colonists, together with their policy of fomenting intertribal wars, caused the continual dis- placement of many native communities, a condition that bore heavily on the semisedentary tribes, like the Arikara, who lived in villages and cultivated the soil. Almost continuous warfare with ag- gressive tribes, together with the ravages of smallpox during the latter half of the
Text Appearing After Image: RUSHING BEAR—ARIKARA 18th and tlie beginning of the 19th cen- turies, nearly exterminated some of their villages. The weakened survivors con- solidated to form new, necessarily com- posite villages, so that nnich of their an- cient organization was greatly modified or ceased to exist. It was during this period of stress that the Arikara became close neighbors and, finally, allies of the Man- dan and Hidatsa. In 1804, when Lewis and Clark visited the Arikara, they were disposed to be friendly to the United States, but, owing to intrigues incident to the rivalry between trading companies, which brought suffering to the Indians, they became hostile. In 1823 the Arikara attacked an American trader's boats, kill- ing 13 men and wounding others. This led to a conflict with the United States, but peace was finally concluded. In con- sequence of these troubles and the fail- ure of crops for 2 successive years the tribe abandoned their villages on the Missouri and joined the Skidi on Loup r.. Neb., where they remained 2 years; but the animosity which the Arikara dis- played toward the white race made them dangerous and unwelcome neighbors, so that they were requested to go back to the Missouri. They did so, and there they have remained ever since. Under their first treaty, in 1825, they acknowl- edged the supremacy of the National Government over the land and the people, agreed to trade only with American citi- zens, whose life and ))roperty they were l^ledged to protect, and to refer all diflB- culties for final settlement to the United States. After the close of the Mexican war a commission was sent by the Gov- ernment to define the territories claimed by the tribes living n. of Mexico, between the Missouri and tlie Rocky mts. In the treaty made at Ft Laramie, in 1851, with the Arikara, Mandan, and Hidatsa, the land claimed by these tribes is described as lying w. of "the Missouri, from Heart r., N. Dak., to the Yellowstone, and up the latter to the mouth of Powder r., Mont.; thence s. e. to the headwaters of the Little Missouri in Wyoming, and skirt- ing the Black hills to the head of Heart r. and down that stream 1o its junction with the Missouri. Owing to the non- ratification of this treaty, the landed rights of the Arikara remained unsettled until 1880, when, by Executive order, their present reservation was set apart; this in- cludesthetradingpost, established inl845, and named for Bartholomew Berthold, a Tyrolese, one of the founders of the Amer- ican Fur Company. The Arikara, Man- dan, and Hidatsa together share this land, and are frequently spoken of, from the name of their reservation, as Ft Berthold Indians. In accordance with the act of Feb. 8, 1887, the Arikara received allot- ments of land in severalty, and, on ap- proval of the allotments by the Secretary of the Interior, July 10,1900, they became citizens of the United States and subject to the laws of North Dakota. An indus- trial boarding school and 3 day schools are maintained by the Government on Ft Berthold res. A mission board- ing school and a church are supported by the Congregational Board of Mis- sions. In 1804 Lewis and Clark gave the population of the Arikara as 2,600, of whom more than 000 were warriors. In 1871 the tribe numbered 1,650; by 1888 they were reduced to 500, and the census of 1904 gives the population as 380. As far back as their traditions go the Ari-
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