Brodhvepse

Brodhvepse (Aculeata)
Almindelig gedehams (Vespula vulgaris)
Almindelig gedehams (Vespula vulgaris)
Videnskabelig klassifikation
RigeAnimalia (Dyr)
RækkeArthropoda (Leddyr)
KlasseInsecta (Insekter)
OrdenHymenoptera (Årevingede)
UnderordenApocrita (Stilkhvepse)
InfraordenAculeata (Brodhvepse)
Overfamilier
  • Apoidea
  • Chrysidoidea
  • Formicoidae
  • Pompiloidea
  • Scolioidea
  • Tiphioidea
  • Thynnoidea
  • Vespoidea
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Brodhvepse (Aculeata) er en infraorden af årevinger (Hymenoptera), der rummer myrer, bier og gedehamse. Navnet betyder ”torn” og refererer til gruppens definerende træk, som er modifikationen af æglægningsrøret (ovipositoren) til en brod, der kan stikke. Mange medlemmer af gruppen kan imidlertid ikke stikke, enten fordi de har beholdt æglægningsrøret eller har mistet det helt. En stor del af kladen er snyltere.

Gruppen Aculeata omfatter alle eusociale årevinger. Muligvis var besiddelsen af en giftig brod vigtig for den gentagne evolution af eusocialitet inden for de årevingede.

De ældste medlemmer af gruppen kendes fra sen Jura (Karabastau-formationen i Kasakhstan), repræsenteret af familien Bethylonymidae.[1]

Klassificering

Aculeata er en monofyletisk, eller naturlig gruppe, der indeholder alle efterkommere af en enkelt fælles forfader. Aculeata er et taxon, der skiftevis benævnes som en infraorden, en division eller en klade.[2][3][4][5][6]

Hymenoptera

Symphyta (savhvepse)




Orussoidea (parasitoide hvepse)


Apocrita

Stephanoidea




Ichneumonoidea




ikke-stikkende hvepse


Aculeata

Chrysidoidea (guldhvepse)





Vespidae (gedehamse)



Rhopalosomatidae





Mutillidae, Pompilidae, Tiphiidae m.fl.




Scoliidae




Formicidae (myrer)



Apoidea (bier og gravehvepse)












Referencer

  1. ^ Grimaldi, David A.; Peñalver, Enrique; Barrón, Eduardo; Herhold, Hollister W.; Engel, Michael S. (2019-11-07). "Direct evidence for eudicot pollen-feeding in a Cretaceous stinging wasp (Angiospermae; Hymenoptera, Aculeata) preserved in Burmese amber". Communications Biology (engelsk). 2 (1): 408. doi:10.1038/s42003-019-0652-7. ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 6838090. PMID 31728419.
  2. ^ Johnson, Brian R.; Borowiec, Marek L.; Chiu, Joanna C.; Lee, Ernest K.; Atallah, Joel; Ward, Philip S. (2013). "Phylogenomics resolves evolutionary relationships among ants, bees, and wasps". Current Biology. 23 (20): 1-5. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.08.050. PMID 24094856.
  3. ^ Branstetter, Michael G.; Danforth, Bryan N.; Pitts, James P.; Faircloth, Brant C.; Ward, Philip S.; Buffington, Matthew L.; Gates, Michael W.; Kula, Robert R.; Brady, Seán G. (2017). "Phylogenomic Insights into the Evolution of Stinging Wasps and the Origins of Ants and Bees". Current Biology. 27 (7): 1019-1025. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.03.027. PMID 28376325.
  4. ^ Schulmeister, S. (2003). "Simultaneous analysis of basal Hymenoptera (Insecta), introducing robust-choice sensitivity analysis". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 79 (2): 245-275. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00233.x.
  5. ^ Schulmeister, S. "Symphyta". Arkiveret fra originalen 21. juni 2010. Hentet 28. november 2016.
  6. ^ Peters, Ralph S.; Krogmann, Lars; Mayer, Christoph; Donath, Alexander; Gunkel, Simon; Meusemann, Karen; Kozlov, Alexey; Podsiadlowski, Lars; Petersen, Malte (2017). "Evolutionary History of the Hymenoptera". Current Biology. 27 (7): 1013-1018. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.01.027. hdl:2434/801122. PMID 28343967.

Eksterne links

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Vespula vulgaris5.jpg
Forfatter/Opretter: Holger Gröschl, Licens: CC BY-SA 2.0 de
Gemeine Wespe (Vespula vulgaris)
Xyelapusilla.jpg
An illustration from British Entomology by John Curtis. Xyela pusilla Symphyta
Orussus coronatus.jpg
Orussus coronatus (now Orussus abietinus). Symphyta.
Stephanus serrator F (ovipositing) rotated (cropped).JPG
Forfatter/Opretter: H. Dumas, Licens: CC BY-SA 3.0
Stephanus serrator (female), ovipositing on an old block of pine tree. Aguiar ID
Atanycolus sp.jpg
Forfatter/Opretter: Richard Bartz, Munich aka Makro Freak , Licens: CC BY-SA 2.5
Description: Braconidae is a family of parasitoid wasps and one of the richest family of insects. From the approximate 12,000 described species (the braconids), it is extrapolated that between 40,000 and 50,000 species exist worldwide.As shown it is a species of the genus Atanycolus (Braconinae).
Cynips sp beentree.jpg
Forfatter/Opretter: Beentree, Licens: CC BY-SA 4.0
galasówka sp. (prawdopodobnie g. dębianka Cynips quercusfolii) Brok, Polska
Chrysididae jewel wasp.jpg
Forfatter/Opretter: Liberty turtera, Licens: CC BY-SA 4.0
Chrysididae __ Vespa-cuco Pindamonhangaba SP -- Brasil
European wasp white bg.jpg
Forfatter/Opretter: User:Fir0002, Licens: GFDL 1.2
European Wasp on a white background. Specimen is about 12mm. Taken in Swifts Creek, Victoria, Australia.
Spider Wasp (cropped).JPG
Forfatter/Opretter: Xsanka, Licens: CC BY 3.0
A Spider Wasp (Poecilopompilus algidus) foraging for nectar on a milkweed plant. This species is most prevalent in late summer to autumn. This specific variety of Spider Wasp feeds on nectar, like pictured above. The females hunt web making Araneid spiders in high vegetation to feed their young. This is accomplished in the usual way. They find and paralyze their spider prey with a sting, drag them off back to their nest and lay a single egg on them. They then seal up the nest. The spider remains alive and the young larva feeds on it when it hatches.
Meat eater ant feeding on honey02.jpg
Forfatter/Opretter:


fir0002
flagstaffotos [at] gmail.com
Canon 20D + Sigma 150mm f/2.8
, Licens: GFDL 1.2
Meat Eater Ant (Iridomyrmex purpureus) feeding on honey
Apis mellifera (in flight) (cropped).jpg
© Hans Hillewaert, CC BY-SA 4.0
Honeybee at Torfbroek, Belgium