Simple chem distillation

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H Padleckas created this picture in December 2005. H Padleckas 16:47, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

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H Padleckas created this picture in December 2005. H Padleckas 16:47, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

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Diagram (cross-section) of simple distillation set-up without a fractionating column often used by chemists. Shown in use.

Numbers were used to identify features so that international use is possible.

1. heat source (a Bunsen burner here)¹
2. distilling flask (a round bottom flask)²
3. distilling head
4. thermometer⁴
5. condenser⁵
6. cooling water in⁶
7. cooling water out
8. receiving flask collecting dripping distillate
9. vacuum source⁹
10. vacuum adapter

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¹ A traditional source of heat is a flame such as from a Bunsen burner below an asbestos pad. These days, a more common way to heat the distilling flask is using a heating mantle fitting around the bottom of the distilling flask.

² Note the small boiling chips at the bottom of the distilling flask used to prevent sudden boil-over of distilling flask contents.

⁴ The bulb is placed at the carry-over point in the distilling head. If the thermometer does not have a ground glass adapter on it, a separate thermometer adapter can be used.

⁵ Liebig type condenser with ground glass joints at both ends.

⁶ The cooling water must go into the lower entry to properly fill up the condenser's cooling jacket. If the water enters the upper point, flow will mostly bypass straight down to the lower exit.

⁹ A vacuum source is not needed for a distillation exposed to atmospheric pressure. Sources of vacuum or partial vacuum may be an aspirator or "house" vacuum (provided by the laboratory) through a thick-walled guard flask, a vacuum pump through a cold trap to protect the pump from vapors. To control the degree of vacuum, a bleed valve and a pressure gauge can be inserted in the line between the distillation and the vacuum source.

Not shown in this picture are the stands and clamps needed to hold the equipment up.

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